Mesocriconema xenoplax, ring nematode

Mesocriconema xenoplax, ring nematode

Mesocriconema xenoplax, ring nematode

Mesocriconema xenoplax, ring nematode

Bacterial canker, vascular necrosis

Bacterial canker, vascular necrosis

Peach tree mortality due to bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae

Plot map, Baritelle farm, Livingston, California

Irrigation system at Baritelle plots

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial.

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Baritelle Mesocriconema trial

Biological regulation

Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Fondse orchard, Escalon, California

Mesocriconema xenoplax, almond

Biological regulation, ring nematode

Hemicycliophora arenaria

Hemicycliophora arenaria

juvenile

adult with eggs

feeding behind root tip

electron micrograph of stylet tip in plant cell.

Peach tree on Nemaguard rootstock predisposed to bacterial canker by high population levels of Mesocriconema xenoplax

Halford peach on alternating 4-row strips of Nemaguard and Lovell rootstock.

Valves on drip system allowed exclusion of nematicides from selected rows.

Plant growth and nematode population measured over 5 years

Plant growth and nematode population measured over 5 years

Photosynthetic rates

Photosynthetic rates

Shoot growth

Nematode sampling

Seasonal stage structure of ring nematode population

Aerial photograph from west. Highest ring nematode populations and most severe bacterial canker in north-west corner of field.

Ring nematode population over time on Nemaguard and Lovell rootstocks, with and without nematicides.

Population data expressed as cumulative nematode degree days.

Spore of the fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis adhering to ring nematode

Early infection

Body contents of ring nematode assimilated by fungus, sporulating hyphae emerge from body openings.

Incidence of parasitism by fungus (proportion of samples with at least one parasitized nematode) in relation to rootstock and nematicide.

Almonds of Nemaguard rootstock, ring nematode.

Cumulative nematode dosage in response to nematicide treatments.

An attempt to increase predator pressure by addinf manure to increase bacterial-feeding nematodes as a resource for Hirsutella rhossiliensis

An attempt to increase predator pressure by adding manure to increase bacterial-feeding nematodes as a resource for Hirsutella rhossiliensis

Population levels in relation to soil moisture, soil oxygen levels, and temperature.

Periods of increase and decline in soil conditions created by different irrigation frequencies.