Rev. 11/28/22
Monhysterida De Coninck & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933
small, generally <1.5mm, slender nematodes.
amphids with circular foveae, sometimes spiral.
funnel-shaped stoma
teeth and denticles are rare
ocelli may be present in aquatic species.
cuticle smooth or finely striated.
anterior sensillae consisting of 6 inner labial papillae, six outer labial setae and 4 cephalic setae. The latter two groups usually in a single whorl pf 10.
esophagus cylindrical, sometimes with a terminal swelling.
generally a single female gonad but varies among superfamilies
mainly marine, brackish, freshwater, some soil and terrestrial forms in moist environments.
tail with three caudal glands ducted to a terminal spinneret.
food includes bacteria and ingested substrate with bacteria, algae and other organisms.
Cuticle finely striated (often appearing smooth under LM); outer labial and cephalic setae in group of ten.
female with single gonad.
tail without long terminal setae . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Monhysteroidea
Cuticle striated or annulated; anterior setae ten or more;
eight groups of sub-cephalic setae may be present;
males with 1 or2 testes, one anteriorly duirected, one posteriorly;
female with single ovary;
tail often with 2–3 long terminal setae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sphaerolaimoidea
Cuticle striated or annulated; anterior setae four or more (ten in many marine forms);
female reproductive system primarily with two gonads but posterior may be reduced;
male with two testes; tail without long terminal setae . . . . . . . . . .Siphonlaimoidea
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Sub-class Chromadoria
Order Monhysterida De Coninck & Schuurmans-Stekhoven,
1933
Suborder Monhysterina
Superfamily:
Monhysteroidea
Family: Monhysteridae de Man, 1876
Genera:
Amphimonhystrella Timm, 1961
Anguimonhystera Andrássy, 1981
Cryonema Tchesunov, 1995
Diplolaimella Allgén, 1929
Diplolaimelloides Meyl, 1954
Eumonhystera Andrássy, 1981
Eumonhystera Andrássy, 1981
Gammarinema Kinne & Gerlach, 1953
Geomonhystera Andrássy, 1981
Halomonhystera Andrássy, 2006
Hieminema Tchesunov & Portnova, 2005
Monhystera Bastian, 1865
Monhystrella
Cobb, 1918
Monhystrium Cobb, 1920
Odontobius de Vauzème, 1834
Pseudotheristus Wieser, 1956
Ptycolaimellus Cobb, 1920
Sinanema Andrássy, 1960
Sitadevinema Khera, 1970
Thalassomonhystera Jacobs, 1987
Tridentulus Eyualem & Coomans, 1965-
Tripylium Cobb, 1920
Tubolaimus Allgén, 192
Superfamily:
Sphaerolaimiodea
Family: Sphaerolaimidae Filipjev, 191
Genera:
Sphaerolaimus Bastian, 1865
Hoffmaenneria
Gerlach & Meyl, 1957
Metasphaerolaimus
Gourbault & Boucher, 1981
Parasphaerolaimus
Ditlevsen, 1919
Doliolaimus
Lorenzen, 1966
Subsphaerolaimus
Ceratosphaerolaimus
Fadeeva, 1983
Family: Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951
Genera:
Ammotheristus
Lorenzen, 1977
Amphimonhystera
Allgén, 1929
Amphimonhystrella
Timm, 1961
Capsula
Bussau, 1993
Cienfuegia
Armenteros, Vincx & Decraemer,
2009
Cobbia
de Man, 1907
Corononema
Nicholas & Stewart, 1995
Cylindrotheristus Wieser, 1956
Dactylaimoides
Blome, 2002
Daptonema Cobb, 1920
Echinotheristus
Thun & Riemann, 1967
Elzalia
Gerlach, 1957
Enchonema
Bussau, 1993
Filipjeva
Ditlevsen, 1928
Gnomoxyala
Lorenzen, 1977
Gonionchus
Cobb, 1920
Guitartia
Armenteros, Vincx & Decraemer, 2010
Gullanema
Nicholas & Stewart, 1995
Hofmaenneria
Gerlach & Meyl, 1957
Lamyronema Leduc, 2015
Linhystera
Juario, 1974
Manganonema
Bussau, 1993
Marisalbinema
Tchesunov, 1990
Mesotheristus Wieser, 1956
Metadesmolaimus
Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1935
Mongolotheristus
Tsalolikhin, 1985
Omicronema
Cobb, 1920
Paragonionchus
Blome, 2002
Paramonohystera
Steiner, 1916
Paramphimonhystrella
Huang & Zhang, 2006
Parelzalia
Tchesunov, 1990
Penzancia de Man, 1889
Promonhystera
Wieser, 1956
Prorhynchonema
Gourbault, 1982
Pseudechinotheristus
Blome, 2002
Pseudosteineria
Wieser, 1956
Retrotheristus
Lorenzen, 1977
Rhynchonema
Cobb, 1920
Robustnema
Nicholas, 1996
Sacrimarinema
Shoshin, 2001
Scaptrella
Cobb, 1917
Sphaerotheristus
Timm, 1968
Spiramphinema
Wieser, 1956
Steineria
Mickoletzky, 1921
Stylotheristus
Lorenzen, 1977
Theristus Bastian, 1865
Trichotheristus
Wieser, 1956
Valvaelaimus
Lorenzen, 1977
Xenolaimus
Cobb, 1920
Xyala
Cobb, 1920
Zygonemella
Cobb, 1920
Suborder
Linhomoeina
Superfamily:
Siphonolaimoidea
Filipjev, 1918
Family: Siphonolaimidae Filipjev, 1918
Genera: Astomonema Ott, Rieger, Rieger & Enderes, 1982
Cyartonema Cobb,
1920
Paraterschellingia
(Kreis, 1924)
Parastomonema
Kito, 1989
Siphonolaimus de Man, 1893
Solenolaimus Cobb,
1894
Southernia
Allgén, 1929
Family:
Linhomoeidae Filipjev, 1922
Genera: Allgenia
Strand,
1934
Anticyathis
Cobb, 1920
Anticyclus
Cobb, 1920
Aponcholaimus
Allgén, 1957
Bathylaimella
Allgén, 1930
Boreomicrolaimoides Ditlevsen, 1918
Chloronemella
Allgén, 1929
Coninckia Gerlach, 1956
Cryptolaimus Cobb, 1933
Dentatonmea
Kreis, 1928
Desmolaimoides
Jensen, 1986
Desmolaimus
de Man, 1880
Didelta
Cobb, 1920
Disconema
Filipjev, 1918
Dispira
Cobb, 1933
Dispirella
Cobb, 1933
Eleutherolaimus
Filipjev, 1922
Eulinhomoeus
de Man, 1907
Eumorpholaimus
Schulz, 1932
Filipjeviella
Allgén, 1935
Grahamia
Allgén, 1959
Halicylindrolaimus
Allgén, 1959
Halinema
Cobb, 1920
Heterocyatholaimus
Allgén, 1935
Linhomoella
Cobb, 1920
Linhomoeus
Bastian, 1865
Megadesmolaimus
Wieser, 1954
Metalaimus
Kreis, 1928
Metalinhomoeus
de Man, 1907
Micracanthonchus
Allgén, 1959
Monhysteroides
Timm, 1961
Nijhoffia
Allgén, 1935
Paraegialoalaimus
Allgén, 1934
Paralinhomoeus
de Man, 1907
Perilinhomoeus
Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1950
Prolinhomoeus
Timm, 1961
Prosphaerolaimus
Filipjev, 1918
Pseudoterschellingia
Armenteros, Vincx & Decraemer, 2009
Sarsonia
Gerlach, 1967
Sphaerocephalum
Filipjev, 1918
Spirina Gerlach, 1963
Terschellingia
de
Man, 1888
Terschellingioides
Timm, 1967
Thelonema
Bussau, 1993
Tubolaimoides
Allgén, 1934
Family: Fusivermidae Tchesunov, 1996
Genera:
Fusivermis Tchesunov, 1996
Andrassy, I.
2005. Free-living Nematodes of
Hungary I. Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest.
Jacobs, L.J. 1987.
A Checklist of the Monhysteridae (Nematode, Monhysterida).
Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg. 186 p.
Leduc, D. 2015.
One new genus and five new
nematode species (Monhysterida, Xyalidae) from Tonga and Kermadec Trenches,
Southwest Pacific. Zootaxa
3964 (5): 501–525.
Tchesunov, A.V. 1996. A new nematode family Fusivermidae fam.n. (Monhysterida) for Fusivermis fertilis gen. n., sp. n. from the White Sea. Nematologica 42:35-41.
Venekey, V., Gheller, P.F., Maria, T.F., Brustolin, M.C., Kandratavicius, N., Vieira, D.C., Brito, S., Souza, G.S. & Fonseca, G. 2014. The state of the art of Xyalidae (Nematoda, Monhysterida) with reference to the Brazilian records. Mar Biodiv 44:367–39.
Warwick RM, Platt HM, Somerfield PJ (1998) Freeliving marine nematodes. Part III. Monhysterids. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 53. Field Studies Council, Shrewsbury, UK. 296pp.