Betulodera betulae

 

Contents

 

Rev 10/31/2023

Birch Cyst Nematode Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Betulodera Menu Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management
Return to Heteroderidae Menu Feeding  References
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Classification:

      Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Heteroderidae
          Punctoderinae


           Betulodera betulae (Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969) Sturhan, 2002

Type species of the genus.

    Synonyms:
   Heterodera betulae Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969

    Cactodera betulae (Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969) Krall & Krall, 1978

 

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Morphology and Anatomy:

.

Female: 

  • Female body pearly white
  • Lemon-shaped, pear shaped or spheroid.
  • Cyst stage present; ; cysts circumfenestrate with a vulval cone that is only slightly protruding
  • Cyst wall with thick network pattern of markings.
  • Vulva terminal, circumfenestrate, short vulval slit, no underbridge, occasional vulval denticles.
  • Anus without fenestration

J2:

  • Second stge juveniles with three incisures in the lateral field.

Ref: Subbotin et al., 2010

 

Male: 

  • Body twisted.  
  • Lateral field with 4 incisures
  • Phasmids present 
  • Tail short, hemispherical. 


Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

 

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Distribution:

Recovered from soil samples taken from River Birch (Betula nigra) along the bank of the middle fork of the White River near Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. Also reported from locations in A Iowa and Missouri (Golden and Raski, 1977)

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Economic Importance:

 

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Feeding:

 
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Hosts:

Betula nigra and other birch species. Limited reproduxction reported  on Lespedexa, Alnus and a few other plants that were tested.

 
For an extensive host range list for this species, click


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Life Cycle:

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters
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Damage:

 

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Management:

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click

 

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References:

Golden, A.M. and Raski, D.J. 1977.  Heterodera thornei n.sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and a review of related species J. Nematology 9: 93-112.

Krall, E.L. and Krall, H.A. (1978). [Revision of the plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae on the basis of trophic specialization of these parasites and their co-evolution with their host plants.] In: Fitoges helmintologicheskie Issledovaniya. Moscow, USSR, Nauka, pp. 39-56.

Subbotin, S.A., Cid Del Prado Vera, I., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. (2011) Identification, phylogeny and phylogeography of circumfenestrate cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) as inferred from analysis of ITS-rDNA. Nematology, 13:805-824. https://doi.org/10.1163/138855410X552661

Sturhan, D, 2002. Notes on the genus Cactodera Krall & Krall, 1978 and proposal of Betulodera betulae gen. nov., comb. nov.(Nematoda: Heteroderidae. Nematology 4 :875-882.

Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8A , D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 351p

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: October 31, 2023.