- Tylenchida
Tylenchina
Tylenchoidea
Heteroderidae
Punctoderinae
- Globodera ellingtonae
Handoo, Carta, Skantar & Chitwood 2012
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Females:
- Stylet length 20-22.5 mm,
- Head with one annule and labial disc.
- Cuticle with heavy punctations.
- Body globose, spherical, with a
short neck and no terminal cone.
G. ellingtonae females. Photo from Handoo et al.
(2012)
All eggs
retained in body (no egg-mass).
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Males:
- Vermiform; body twisted into a C or S shape.
- Stylet length of 21-25 �m
- Spicule length 30-37 �m with a pointed thorn-like tip.
- Tail short, hemispherical.
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Second-stage juveniles:
- Stylet 19-22.5 �m long, basal knobs rounded.
- Tail 39-55 mm with hyaline tail terminus 20-32.5 mm, tapering
uniformly but abruptly constricted near the posterior third of the
hyaline portion, finely rounded to pointed terminus.
Molecular Diagnosis:
- Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of G. ellingtonae
n. sp. are distinct from G. pallida, G. rostochiensis,
G. tabacum and G. mexicana.
- Bayesian and Maximum Parsimony analysis of cloned ITS rRNA gene
sequences indicated three clades, with intraspecific variability as
high as 2.8%.
- In silico analysis revealed ITS restriction fragment length
polymorphisms for enzymes Bsh1236I, Hinf I, and Rsa I that overlap
patterns for other Globodera species.
- Appears to be closer to G. rostochiensis than to G.
pallida
(Zasada et al., 2013).
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Cysts:
Spherical
to sub-spherical, dark to light brown and circumfenestrate.
Cyst wall
pattern is ridge-like with heavy punctations.
Cyst passes through a
golen color stage as it matures, similar to G. rostochiensis.
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| Circumfenestrate vulval cone of G.
ellingtonae. Photo from Handoo et al. (2012) |
Ref. Handoo et al. (2012)
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Recorded from one potato field in Oregon, one in Idaho and also a field of unknown crop
history in Idaho (Handoo et al., 2012; Zasada et al., 2013a). Also reported from
Argentina and Chile (Zasada et al., 2019).
Sedentary semi-endoparasite of roots
Feeding site and feeding patterns typical of genus
Globodera.
Nurse cell system is a multinucleate syncytium.
Hatches in response to root diffustaes of tomato and potato.
Potato and tomato.
Ecophysiological Parameters:
On potato, eggs hatched after planting and the
first adult females were observed between 387 and 449 DD6. The
second generation egg hatch occurred between 927 and 1073 DD6. In
soil, 76-96% of eggs hatched or otherwise disappeared from cysts, within
63 days after planting in the presence of potato, but only 55-73%
of the eggs hatched in the same period under bare soil (Phiilips et al.
2017).
Nematode goes into diapause between host crops;
75 % egg hatch in response to root diffusates of
potato and tomato within 3 days; also eggs hatch readily in water.
Egg hatch stimulants for G. rostochiensis and G.
pallida (sodium metavanadate, sodium orthovanadate, sodium
thiocyanate) also stimulate egg hatch of G. ellingtonae.
Egg hatch was suppressed when cysts were exposed to host root
diffusate and then transferred to root diffusates of arugula (Eruca
satva, sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii,
or vetch (Vicia sativa) (Zasada et al., 2013b). |
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In field and microplot studies, the effect of G.
ellingtonae on yield of potato was inconsistent across years and
experimental venues. In different trials there was a significant yield reduction
of cultivars Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet. The nematode reproduced to
various degrees, however, on all varieties tested in different individual
experiments (Zasada et al., 2019)
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Potato varieties resistant to G. rostochiensis pathotype Ro1 are
resistant to G. ellingtonae (Zasada et al., 2013a). Resistance to
G. rostochiensis pathotypes Ro1 and Ro2 is conferred by the H1
gene. Current evidence suggeste that the H1 gene may also confer resistance
to G. ellingtonae because many cultivars resistant to G.
rostochiensis are also resistant to G. ellingtonae (Whitworth
et al., 2018).
Handoo, Z.A., Carta, L.K, Skantar, A.M., Chitwood, D.J. 2012. Description of
Globodera ellingtonae n. sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) from Oregon. J.
Nematology 44:40-57.
Phillips, W.S., Kitner, M., Zasada, I.A. 2017.
Developmental Dynamics of Globodera ellingtonae in
Field-Grown Potato. Plant Disease 101:1182-1187.
Whitworth, J.L., R.G. Novy, I.A. Zasada, X. Wang, L-M.
Dandurand, and J. C. Kuhl 2018. Resistance of Potato Breeding Clones and
Cultivars to Three Species of Potato Cyst Nematode. Plant Disease
102:2120-2128.
Zasada, I., Ingham, R.E., Phillips, W. 2013a. Current state of knowledge of
Globodera ellingtonae: a new cyst nematode species. ONTA Absrtacts, La
Serena, Chile.
Zasada, I., Ingham, R.E., Baker, H., Phillips, W. 2019. Impact of
Globodera ellingtonae on yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum). J. Nematology
51:DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-073.
Zasada, I., Navarre, R.A., Peetz, A., Wade, N., Ingham, R.E. 2013b.
Host status of different potato (Solabnum tuberosum) varieties and hatching
in root diffusate of Globodera ellingtonae. SON Abstracts,
Knoxville.
Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised:
April 12, 2022.