Rev 10/20/2023
A member of the Schachtii of Heterodera spp.
General Characteristics of the Schachtii Group of Heterodera
Cysts lemon-shaped Ambifenestrate Bullae well-developed Underbridge well-developed vulval slit long J2 incisures 4 Dicotyledonous hosts
(Handoo and Subbotin, 2018; Subbotin et al., 2010, Subbotin et al. 2023)
Cysts. Length (n=100): 857um�162 (550- 1105); width (100): 518µm±106 (293-702); fenestral length (49): 52um�6.0 (42-72.5); fenestral width (50): 38.0µum�6.8 (29.5-49.5); vulval bridge width (49): 4.8 um �1.3 (2.0-8.0); vulval slit length (49): 56.5 um�4.3 (48.5-67): vulva-anus distance, projection in horizontal plane of fenestra (51): 56um�5.3 (44-69); underbridge length (70): 127um�19.0 (97-170); underbridge width (70): 36µum�4.2 (30-48).
Eggs. Length (100): 135µum�7.9 (121-170); width (100): 53um�5.3 (45-69).
Second stage juveniles. Length (50): 607µm± 19.6 (560-648); width at median bulb valve level (47): 20.7µm±0.73 (19.4-22.8); anterior end to valve median bulb (48): 92.7µm±4.5 (80.8-101.2); lip length (49): 5.7µm±0.32(5.2- 6.4); lip width (49): 11.3µm±0.41 (10.4-12.0); stylet length (49): 30.5µm±0.95 (28.8-32.0); stylet knobs height (49): 4.6µm±0.38 (3.8-5.2); stylet knobs width (49): 5.9µm±0.27 (5.2-6.6); tail length (46): 74.2µm±4.7 (64.4-82.0); hyaline tail length: 42.3µm±2.6 (36.0-47.6).
Data from Andersson, 1984.
Previously considered a biotype of H. trifolii.
Not easily distinguished morphometrically from H. schachtii apart from the cyst maturing through a yellow stage. Readily distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLPs) of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (Amiri et al., 2002).
H. betae resembles he H. trifolii complex in the general morphology of the cyst and the shape of the fenestration of the vulval cone. It differs in its longer body and stylet and the more robust stylet knobs of the infective juveniles. It differs from H. rosii in that it infects sugarbeet, and has no males (Wouts et al., 2001).
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Coastal areas of Europe. Also recorded from Lithuania and Sweden. Originally described from a population obtained from a sugar beet field near Karken, Germany (Wouts et al., 2001).
Yield losses to sugarbeets in areas of sandy soil in the Netherlands
Hosts of the Schachtii group of Heterodera spp. are usually dicotyledonous plants. Sugar beets, winter rape (Brassica napus), white mustard (Sinapis alba), red clover (Trifolium pratense), spinach, common hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit).
Barley is a non host. (Andersson, 1984)
Probably tetraploid with 35 or 36 chromosomes. Reproduces by mitotic parthenogenesis
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Males absent, reproduction by mitotic parthenogenesis, 35 or 36 chromosomes, tetraploid.
Forking of beets and other symptoms similar to those of H. schachtii.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Amiri, S., Subbotin, S.A., Moens, M. 2002. Identification of the beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii by PCR. European Journal of Plant Pathology 108: 497–506.
Andersson, S. 1984. First record of a yellow beet cyst nematode (Heterodera trifolii) in Sweden. Vtskyddsnotiser 48:93-95.
Handoo, Z.A., Subbotin, S.A. 2018. Taxonomy, identification and principal species. Chapter 15 in Perry, R.N. Moens, M., and Jones, J.T.(eds) Cyst Nematodes. CAB International.
Subbotin, S,A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8B, D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 512p
Subbotin, S.A., Roubtsova, T.V., Bostock, R.M., Maafi, Z.T., Chizhov, V.N., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Pablo Castillo, P. 2023. DNA barcoding, phylogeny and phylogeography of the cyst nematode species of the Schachtii group from the genus Heterodera (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology (in press).
Wouts, W.M., Rumpenhorst, H.J., Sturhan, D. 2001. Heterodera betae, sp.n., the yellow beet cyst nematode (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Russioan Journal of Nematology 9:33-42.