Synoecnema hirsutum

Synoecnema hirsutum	Contents	Rev: 02/10/2024
	Classification	Hosts
	Morphology and Anatomy	Life Cycle
Return to Synoecnema Menu	Economic Importance	Damage
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Classification:

Rhabditida Tylenchina Drilonematoidea
Ungellidae: Synoecnamatinae

Synoecnema hirsutum Timm, 1959

Synonyms:

Morphology and Anatomy:

Body almost cylindrical, tapering to both ends.
Cuticle thin, transversely striated, with short setae and spike-like outgrowths variously distributed. No lateral fields, epidermis thick.
Anterior end curved with small paired sub-terminal cephalic hooks.
Cephalic sensilla indistinct. Amphids with apertures situated closely to hook base.
Mouth shifted ventrad; stoma absent.
Pharynx clavate with long thin muscular corpus and large muscular-glandular pear-shaped terminal bulb displaced dorsally.
Nerve ring encircling posterior of corpus.
Excretory pore 1 um wide, at level of nerve ring, excretory duct strongly cuticularised, extending beyond bulb base, paired excretory canals weakly cuticularized, passing through very large excretory gland which extends at least to mid-body.
Intestine discernible at anterior, cardia-like structure present.
Caudal organs long shallow grooves lacking cuticle, situated mid-laterally on the surface of posterior half of body.
Tail extremity conical. Sexes often permanently in copula

Female:

Prodelphic, monodelphic.
Postvulval body region very slightly swollen.
Multilobed gland of obscure function present at posterior portion of body behind vulva,
Ovary reflexedwith distal cell close to tail extremity. A large spermatheca at reflex point, filled with large spermatozoa
Vulva pre-equatorial, on slight protuberance, anterior vulval flap enlarged, No post-uterine sac.
Caudal organs extending from vulva level nearly to tail end.

Male:

Monorchic. Testis reflexed at anterior third of body level.
Spermatocytes rounded, ca. 5uÂµm in diameter, arranged distally in two rows.
Spicular apparatus and gubernaculum absent.
Anal flaps developed unequally, anterior flap inflated and hook-like, while posterior one much smaller
No caudal sensilla detected. Caudal organ structure and position similar to that of female

Ref: Ivanova et al., 2021

Synoecnema hirsutum Timm, 1959. A. entire male; B. entire female; C. female pharynx region, D,E: female head region. F: egg. Scale bars 10 um.
Drawings from Ivanova, Efeykin, Spiridonov, 2021

Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

Distribution:

Parasites of the coelomic cavity of earthworms, generall;y tropical and subtropical..

Feeding:

Parasites of the body cavity of earthworms.

Life Cycle:

Direct life-cycle, earthworms the definitive and only host.

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click	If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters

Ivanova, E.S., Efeykin, B.D. Spiridonov, S.E. 2021. The re-description of Synoecnema hirsutum Timm, 1959 (Synoecneminae, Ungellidae, Drilonematoidea) from a pheretimoid earthworm in Vietnam with the analysis of its phylogenetic relationships ZooKeys 1076:135-190. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1076.75932

de Magalhaes, P.S. 1905. Notes dâ€™helminthologie brasillienne. Archives de Parasitologie. Paris. 9: 305-318.

Timm, R.W 1959. Observations on Synoecnema (Nematoda, Ungellidae), with a description of two new species. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 11: 58-62.