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Ecosystem Functions and Services
Chromadorea Rhabditida Rhabditia Tylenchina
Panagrolaimoidea Panagrolaimidae
Panagrellinae
Panagrellus redivivus (Linnaeus, 1767) Goodey, 1945
Synonyms:
Chaos redivivum Linnaeus, 1767
Vibrio anguillula Miiller, 1773
Vibrio glutinus MiiIler, 1783
Anguillula rediviva (Linnaeus, 1767) Stiles & Hassall, 1905
Turbatrix rediviva (Linnaeus, 1767) Peters, 1927
Turbator redivivus (Linnaeus, 1767) Goodey, 1945
Gordius glutinus Oken, 1815
Rhabditis glutinus Dujardin, 1845
Leptodera oxophila Schneider, 1866
Cephalobus parasiticus Sandground, 1939
Neocephalobus leucocephalus Steiner, 1936
Turbator leucocephalus (Steiner, 1936) Goodey, 1943
Panagrellus leucocephalus (Steiner, 1936) Goodey, 1945
Anguillula silusiae de Man, 1913
Turbatrix silusiae (de Man, 1913) Peters, 1927
Turbator silusiae (de Man, 1913) Goodey, 1943
Panagrellus silusiae (de Man, 1913) Goodey, 1945
The taxonomic lineage of the nematode currently known as Panagrellus redivivus can be traced, through numerous generic assignments and species synonymies, to the library paste nematode, Chaos redivivum, described by Linnaeus in 1767. In a synonymy that has survived several reviews, the beer mat nematode, described by de Man in 1913 and 1914, is now considered to be the same as the library- or sour-paste nematode. In the absence of preserved specimens of early material, and with the inadequacy of early descriptions of the organisms, the unifying thread for the taxonomic lineage is the nature of the environments in which the nematodes have been found, primarily fermenting pastes and beer-soaked fibres that might provide substrate for yeasts. Consequently, despite the precise rules that have evolved for documenting changes in a binomial, and our ability to track those changes through the literature, there must remain lingering uncertainty that Chaos redivivum and Panagrellus redivivus are the same nematode.
See an attempt to unravel the taxonomic chronology by Ferris (2009).
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
The various habitats described for species of Panagrellus (beer mats, insect frass, slime from tree wounds, wheat paste) are all consistent with reports of their association with various species of yeast (Kerrigan et al., 2001, 2003, 2004; Smith et al., 1992).
The characteristics of the stoma, approximately 6 um diameter and 16 um long from drawings and data of Hechler (1971), with three dorsal teeth and two pairs of subventral teeth, are consistent with ingestion of yeast cells.
Panagrellus redivivus is cultured as food for newly-hatched fish and crustaceans. The culture media include oatmeal and bread, usually with inclusion of a small quantity of yeast (Schlechtriem et al., 2004).
Reference: The beer mat nematode: A study of the connectedness of scientific discovery. Ferris, H. 2009
Sexually reproducing, did not produce offspring in absence of males (Hechler, 1970, 1971).
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Ferris, H. 2009. The beer mat nematode: A study of the connectedness of scientific discovery. Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics 12:19-25.
Hechler, H.C. 1970. Reproduction, chromosome number, and post-embryonic development of Panagrellus redivivus (Nematoda: Cephalobidae). J. Nematol. 2:355- 361. 7.
Hechler, H.C. 1971. Taxonomic Notes on Four Species of Panagrellus Thorne (Nematoda: Cephalobidae). 3:227-237.
Kerrigan, J.; Smith, M.T.; Rogers, J.D. and Poot, G.A. 2001. Ascobotryozyma americana gen. nov. et sp. nov.and its anamorph Botryozyma americana, an unusual yeast from the surface of nematodes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 79: 7-16.
Kerrigan, J.; Smith, M.T.; Rogers, J.D. and Poot, G.A. 2004. Botryozyma mucatilis sp. nov., an anamorphic ascomycetous yeast associated with nematodes in poplar slime flux. Federation of European Microbiological Societies Yeast Research, 4: 849-856.
Kerrigan, J.; Smith, M.T.; Rogers, J.D.; Poot, G.A. and Douhan, G.W. 2003. Ascobotryozyma cognata sp. nov., a new ascomycetous yeast associated with nematodes from wood-boring beetle galleries. Mycological Research, 107: 1110-1120.
Linnaeus, C. 1767. Systema naturae. 12th Ed. 1:533-1327. Holmiae.
Schlechtriem, C.; Ricci , M.; Focken, U. and Becker, K. 2004. The suitability of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus as live food for first-feeding fish larvae. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 20: 161-168. Smith, M.T.; Shann, C.; Batenburg-van der Vegte, W.H.; Schmitt, R.; Wehrli, E.; Roeijmans, H.J. and van Eijck, G.W. 1992. Botryozyma nematodophila gen. nov., spec. nov. (Candidaceae). Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, 61: 277-284.
Von Linn� C. 1767. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio duodecima, reformata. Holmiae 1(2), 533-1327.