Howardula

 

Contents

 

Rev: 05/18/2024

  Classification Biology and Ecology
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Howardula Menu Ecosystem Functions and Services
Distribution Management
Return to Allantonematidae Menu Feeding  References
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Classification:

Chromadorea

Chromadoria

Rhabditida

Tylenchina/Hexatylina

Sphaerularioidea

 Allantonematidae

 

       Howardula Cobb, 1921

Type species: Howardula benigna Cobb, 1921

    Synonyms:
     

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Morphology and Anatomy:

Characteristics of Howardula apini (Sharga, 1932) Wachek, 1955, as an example of genus

 Adult parasitic female:

Free-living female:

Free-living male :

Howardula aptini: A. Male anterior; B. entire parasitic female; C: free-living female, posterior. D: free-living female: anterior. E: Male posterior

from Nickle and Wood, 1964

Females:

Distinguished as free-living (preparasitic) and parasitic stages

  
   

Males:  



Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:
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Distribution:

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Feeding:

Insect-parasitic nematodes, many species are parasites of flies although the type species was described from the cucumber beetle (Diabrotica) (Cobb, 1921)

 

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Biology and Ecology:

Like the genus Parasitylenchus, nematodes of the genus Howardula have a direct life cycle; there is no intermediate host. However, unlike Parasitylenchus, there is only a single amphimictice generation in the host, which is similar to most other genera in the Allonematidae (Poinar et al., 1997).

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Life Cycle:

Direct parasites of Drosophila with no ntermediate host.

As an example of the genus, Welsch (1958) described his research on the life cycle of Howardula aoronymphium, whiich he considered simialr to that of most known Allantonematidae:

 

In another species, Howardula husseyi, Richardson et al. (1977). reported that:

 

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click 
 
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Ecosystem Functions and Services:

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Management:

 
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References:

Cobb, N.A. 1921. Howardula benigna, a nemic parasire of the cucumber-beetle (Diabrotica). Science, 54: 667-670i

Nickle, W.R., Wood, G.W. 1964. Howardula aptini (Sharga, 1922) parasitic in blueberry thrips in New Brunswick. Cn. J. Zool. 42:843-846

Poinar, Jr., G.O., Jaenike, J., Dombeck, I., 1997. Parasitylenchus nearcticus sp. n. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae) parasitizing Drosophila (Diptera : Drosophilidae) in North America. Fundam. Appl. Nematol. 20:187-190.

Richardson, P.N., Hesling, J.J., Ridoing, I.L. 1977. Life Cycle and Description of Howardula husseyi N. Sp. (Tylenchida: Allantonematidae), a Nematode Parasite of the Mushroom Phorid Megaselia Halterata (Diptera: Phoridae). Nematologica 23:217-231.

Sharga, U.S. 1932. A new nematode,Tylenchus aptini n. sp. parasite of  Thysanoptera (Insecta: Aptinothrips rufus Gmelin). Parasitology 24:268-279.

Wachek, F. 1955.. System und biologic der entoparasitischen Tylenchida. Parasitolog. Schriftenreihe. Fischer Verlag, Jena. 119 pp.

Welch, H.E. 1958. Taxonomy, life cycle, developmentand habits of two new species of Parasitylenchidae (Nematoda) parasitic in drosphilid flies. Contribution No. 3755, Entomology Division, Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada;

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: May 18, 2024.