Rev 06/27/2023
Usually includes free-living female and male stages and entomoparasitic adult females. The free-living female is the infective stage.
Several species of the Allantonematinae lack stylets and have a degenerate pharynx in the male (e.g., Bradynema, Scatonema, Thripinema and Howardula). (Zeng et al., 2007).
Chitwood, B.G. and Chitwood, M.B. 1937. An Introduction to Nematology. U.S.A.: Washington, D.C
Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects, 2nd ed. Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
Welch, H.E. 1958. Taxonomy, life cycle, development and habits of two new species of Allantonematidae (Nematoda) parasitic in drosphilid flies. Contribution No. 3755, Entomology Division, Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada;
Yeates, G.W., T. Bongers, R.G.M. de Goede, D.W.Freckman and S.S. Georgieva. 1993. Feeding habits in soil nematode families - an outline for ecologists. Journal of Nematology 25:315-331.
Zeng, Y., Giblin-Davis, R.M., Ye, W., Belair, G., Bouvin, G., Thomas, W.K. 2022. Bradynema listronoti n. sp. (Nematoda: Allantonematidae), a parasite of the carrot weevil Listronotus oregonensis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Quebec, Canada. Nematology, 9: 609-623