Rev 10/23/2024
A species of parasites of larvae of biting midges larvae in aquatic environments; potentially important in biological control of the host.
Size and shape of the amphidial pouches and spicules and form of the cephalic papillae separate H. magnapupula from previously described species
Female:
Male:
Infective Juvenile:
Ref: Poinar and Mullens, 1987
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Described from the type host, Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) from a dairy wastewater pond in Mira Loma, Riverside Co, California, USA.
A parasite of the blood-sucking midge, Culicoides sonorensis. Endoparasitic in midge larvae . Known host range include C. variipennis but somewhat complicated in that C. variipennis is likely a species complex. In fact, the species sonorensis was fromerly considered a subspecies of variipennis (Brad Mullens, pers. comm.).
In Heleidomermis magnapapula parasitizes larvae of the blood-sucking midge, Culicoides sonorensis. The midge is a vector of the bluetongue wirus, an important disease of ruminant animals.
In contrast to the mosquito-infecting mermithids, H. magnapapula the final molt occurs within the host body and the nematode emerges from the insect midge as an adult. After adult mating, the eggs mature and hatch within the female (ovoviparity) and the adult female nematode disperses the mobile second-stage juveniles (J2) into the environment (Mullens and Velten, 1994; Mullens and Luhring, 1998).:
Density-dependent sex determination of the parasitic nematodes is a general feature of mermithid life history. Parasitism of the host by multiple nematode individuals (termed superparasitism) reults in a higher proportion of the infective juveniles developing into males and, consequently, proportionally fewer females
In Heleidomermis magnapapula:
Population regulation of host species; biological control.. The type host, C. sonorensis, is a major vector of bluetongue virus to North American ruminants. However, since females of the nematode are ovoviparous, a resistant egg stage is not released into the environment, so distribution for bioloical control purposes may present a challenge.
Blackmore, M. S. and Charnov, E. L. 1989. Adaptive variation in environmental sex determination in a nematode. American Naturalist 134:817-823. Christie, J. R. 1929. Some observations on sex in the Mermithidae. Journal of Experimental Zoology 53:59-76.
Mullens, B.A. and Luhring, K.A. 2023. Parasite load effects on sex ratio, size, survival and mating fitness of Heleidomermis magnapapula in Culicoides sonorensis. J. Nematology 55: e2023-1 r | DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2023-0052
Mullens, B.A. and Luhring, K. A. 1998. Age-dependent parasitism of Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) by Heleidomermis magnapapula (Nematoda: Mermithidae) and considerations for assessing parasite impact. Biological Control 11:49-57
Mullens, B. A. and Velten, R.K. 1994. Laboratory culture and life history of Heleidomermis magnapapula in its host, Culicoides variipennis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Nematology 26:1-10.
Nickle W.R. 1972. A contribution to our knowledge of the Mermithidae (Nematoda). Journal of Nematology 4: 113-146.
Petersen, J. J. 1972. Factors affecting the sex ratio of mermithid parasites of mosquitoes. Journal of Nematology 4:83-87.
Poinar, G.O. 1983. The Natural History of Nematodes. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs. 323p.
Poinar, G.O and Mullans, B.A. 1987. Heleidomermis magnapapula n. sp. (Mermithidae : Nematoda) parasitizing Culicoides variipennis (Ceratopogonidae : Diptera) in California. Rev. de Nematologie 10:387-391