Rev: 12/09/2024
Synonyms:
Males:
Parasites of birds
Eggs are laid in early stages of development. They develop in water or moist soil.
The first juvenile stage is completed in the egg and can remain viable in the egg for more than 5 years (at cold temperatures).
Whec eggs are consumed by an oligochaete, the J1 emerges; it is equipped with a stylet similar tio those of dorylaims and mermithids. The digestive system is absent and debvelops close to the first molt.
The J2 is found in the oligochaete blood vessels and body cavity. The J3 is the infective stage for the next host. Definitive hosts can be infected by direct feediong on oligochates or by feeding on paratenic hosts (like fish) thast have fed on oligochaetes.