Subfamily PARAROTYLENCHINAE

Classification:

       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Hoplolaimidae
          Pararotylenchinae Baldwin & Bell, 1981
  

 Synonyms:
    

Morphology and Anatomy:

The subfamily Pararotylenchinae is similar to certain other Hoplolaimidae, such as Rotylenchinae, with respect to most characters including the short tail,
the position of the phasmids near the anus, and the relatively great distance of the dorsal gland orifice from the base of the stylet knobs.

Unlike other Hoplolaimidae, the esophageal glands of Pararotylenchinae form a basal bulb similar to that of Tylenchorhynchidae but; other characters do not resemble Tylencborhynchidae.

• Lip region with well-developed framework in both sexes.
• Labial disc present, with elongate anaphidial apertures at lateral sides of periphery.
• Anteriormost lip annule segmented with six sectors.
• Esophageal glands comprise basal bulb.
• Lateral field with four incisures.
• Cephalids in females generally occur near level of third and tenth body annules;
• Hemizonid position variable relative to excretory pore; hemizonion seven to ten annules posterior to excretory pore; caudalid
  about five annules anterior to anus.
• Phasmids small, typically near level of anus
• Female tail variably-shaped, usually more curved on dorsal side.
• Vulva with epiptygma.
• Gubernaculum reflexed distally and with small titillae.

 [Ref: Baldwin, J.G. and A.H. Bell, 1981. Pararotylenchus n. gen. (Pararotylenchinae n. subfam., Hoplolaimidae) with Six New Species and Two New Combinations. J. Nematology 13:111-128.

Note that the separation of Rotylenchus and Pararotylenchus was based on several factors, peraps the most important being that the esophageal glands in Pararotylenchus are enclosed in a terminal bulb rather that ovrlapping the intestine (Baldwin and Bell, 1981).  Brzeski and Choi (1998) rejected the importance of that distinction and proposed the synonymization of Rotylenchus and Pararotylenchulus.

Brzeski, M.W, and Choi, Y.E. 1998. Synonymisation of Rotylenchus Filipjev, 1936 and Pararotylenchus Baldwin & Bell, 1981 (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae). Nematologica 44: 45-48.

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