Rev. 12/27/23
Muspeceina
Animal parasitic species - birds and marsupials
Small nematodes
Parasites of skin, eyes, vascular systems and muscles of vertebrates - birds, kangaroos, wallabies, reindeer, humans.
Head with or without cuticular striation, papillae or bristles.
Alimentary tract obscure
Vulva near mid-body, juveniles retained in uterine sac; viviparous.
Males, when present, have a single spicule. Unknown in some genera.
Genera:
The genera Haycocknema and Durakinema are amphimictic; Lapponema and Robertdollfusa are protandrous hermaphrodites (Spratt, 1999)
.