Sub-order Spirurina

Rev. 06/02/2022

• collapsed stoma
• stoma has a hook (?) 
• large nematodes; 
• parasites of terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates, include Filarioidea - filarial worms
• all use invertebrate for one host

Genera include:
                                 Wuchereria bancrofti (elephantiasis),
                                 Onchocerca volvulus (river blindness),
                                 Dirofilaria immitis (dog heartworm).

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