Paraphelenchus

  

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Rev 01/09/2020

  Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Paraphelenchus Menu Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management
Return to Aphelenchidae Menu Feeding  References
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Classification:

      Tylenchida
       Aphelenchina
        Aphelenchoidea
         Aphelenchidae
          Aphelenchinae

           Paraphelenchus (Micoletzky, 1922) Micoletzky, 1925

    Synonyms:
     

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Paraphelenchus differs from Aphelenchus, the only other genus in Aphelenchidae, in the shape of vulva (transversal slit-like vs circular in Aphelenchus) and the esophageal glands enclosed in a basal bulb (versus a dorsal-overlap lobe in Aphelenchus).

Carta et al. (2011) confirmed a list of 23 valid species, and the morphometric table of valid Paraphelenchus spp. Unfortunately, because of inaccurate translation of the Russian species descriptions, the table includes several errors (Ryss, 2013).

Morphology and Anatomy:

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  • Body usually large.
  • Lips plump, forming flat cap, slightly offset from body contour.
  • Stylet with or without small basal knobs.
  • Esophageal glands contained within posterior bulb.
  • Excretory pore posterior to median bulb; excretory duct leads to prominent, ventrally located excretory cell.
  • Hemizonid adjacent and posterior to excretory pore.
  • Lumen of rectum widened considerably just behind sphincter.
  • Fungal-feeding, soil-inhabiting nematodes.

Female:

  • Monodelphic, prodelphic.
  • Postuterine sac well-developed.
  • Female tail short, conical, sometimes with terminal mucron.

Male:

  • Spicules paired, slender, not fused; apex enlarged, rostrum short, with acute posteriorly directed terminus.
  • Gubernaculum V-shaped.
  • Male tail conoid, often mucronate or digitate, with 3-5 pairs of caudal papillae.
  • With or without caudal alae.

     
    Ref:  Nickle, W.R. 1970.

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Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:
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Distribution:

 

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Economic Importance:

Paraphelenchus spp. are common pests of commercial mushrooms plantations (Ryss, 2013; Goodey, 1960, 2008; Hooper, 1962; Baranovskaya, 1984; Hunt, 1993). The paraphelenchs inhabit soil and rotten plant tissues, as well as dead wood, mostly of deciduous trees. The life cycle usually includes the single mycophagous generation, but many Paraphelenchus spp. are associated with roots and aerial parts of plants so it is possible that the mycophagous and plant parasitic generations alternate irregularly (Ryss, 2009).

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Feeding:

Generally categorized as fungal feeders. Easily cultured on fungus.

 

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Hosts:

For an extensive host range list for this genus, click
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Life Cycle:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click 
 
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Damage:

 

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Management:

 

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References:

Nickle, W.R. 1970. A Taxonomic Review of the Genera of the Aphelenchoidea (Fuchs, 1937) Thorne, 1949 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) . J. Nematology 2:375-392.

 

Baranovskaya I. A. 1984. [Nematodes of the genus Paraphelenchus (Micoletzky, 1922) Micoletzky 1925]. In: Taxonomiya i biologiya fitogermintov. Moscow: Nauka. 5�35. (In Russian).

 Carta L. K., Skantar A. M., Handoo Z. A., Baynes M. A. 2011. Supplemental description of Paraphelenchus acontioides (Tylenchida: Aphelenchidae, Paraphelenchinae), with ribosomal DNA trees and a morphometric compendium of female Paraphelenchus. Nematology. 13: 887�899.

 Goodey J. B. 1960. Observations on the effects of the parasitic nematodes Ditylenchus miceliophagus, Aphelenchoides composticola and Paraphelenchus myceliophthorus on the growth and cropping mushrooms. Annals of Applied Biology. 48: 655�664.

Hooper D. J. 1962. Effects of a Nematode on the Growth of Mushroom Mycelium. Nature. 193: 496�497.

Hunt D. J. 1993. Aphelenchida, Longidoridae and Trichodoridae: their systematics and bionomics. Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing. 352 p. Hun t D. J. 2008. A checklist of the Aphelenchoidea (Nematoda: Tylenchida) Journal of Nematode Morphology and Systematics. 10: 99�135. 470

Ryss A. Yu., Chernetskaya A. Y. 2010. [Life cycle ofParaphelenchus myceliophthorus Goodey, 1958 (Nematoda: Aphelenchida)]. Parazitologiya. 44: 105�127. (In Russian).

Ryss, A. Yu, 2013, TEXTUAL, TABULAR AND COMPUTER-AIDED KEYS TO SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARAPHELENCHUS MICOLETZKY, 1922 (NEMATODA: APHELENCHIDAE) Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta 47:632-651.

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: January 09, 2020.