Betulodera   

  

Contents

  

Rev 10/09/2023

  Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle

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 Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management

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 Feeding  References
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Classification:

    Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Heteroderidae
          Punctoderinae

           Betulodera (Hirschmann & Riggs, 1978) Sturhan, 2002

    Synonyms:
      None.

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Morphology and Anatomy:

Originally described as the species Heterodera betulae by Hirschmann and Riggs in 1969. However, the species was not considered compatible with any of the subgroups of the genus Heterodera and was reclassified as Cactodera betulae by Krall and Krall, 1978.  Since some of the characteristics of the species are quite different from other species of Cactodera, Sturhan (2002) established the genus, Betulodera, based on the cyst morphology and host range. The genus name was generated from the species name of the original description (Subbotin et al., 2010).

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Female: 

  • Cyst stage present; lemon-shaped, pear shaped or spheroid.
  • Cysts circumfenestrate with a vulval cone that is only slightly protruding
  • Cyst wall with thick network pattern of markings.
  • Vulva terminal, circumfenestrate, short vulval slit, no underbridge, occasional vulval denticles.
  • Anus without fenestration

J2:

  • Second stge juveniles with three incisures in the lateral field.

Ref: Subbotin et al., 2010

Male: 

  • Body twisted.  
  • Phasmids present 
  • Tail short, hemispherical. 

Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:

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Distribution:

 

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Economic Importance:

 

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Feeding:

Nurse cell system: A syncytium.

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Hosts:

For an extensive host range list for this genus, click
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Life Cycle:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click 
 
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Damage:

 

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Management:

 

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References:

Krall, E.L. and Krall, H.A. (1978). [Revision of the plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae on the basis of trophic specialization of these parasites and their co-evolution with their host plants.] In: Fitoges helmintologicheskie Issledovaniya. Moscow, USSR, Nauka, pp. 39-56.

Subbotin, S.A., Cid Del Prado Vera, I., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. (2011) Identification, phylogeny and phylogeography of circumfenestrate cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) as inferred from analysis of ITS-rDNA. Nematology, 13:805-824. https://doi.org/10.1163/138855410X552661

Sturhan, D, 2002. Notes on the genus Cactodera Krall & Krall, 1978 and proposal of Betulodera betulae gen. nov., comb. nov.(Nematoda: Heteroderidae. Nematology 4 :875-882.

Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. (2010)  Systematics of the genus Betulodera. Chapter 10 in Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematodes: Heteroderinae). Vol. 8. Part A. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden, 351 pp.

 

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: October 09, 2023.