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Tylenchida Tylenchina Tylenchoidea Heteroderidae Punctoderinae
Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941) Krall and Krall, 1978
Type species of the genus
Cactus cyst nematode.
Synonyms: None.
.
Female:
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Occurs in warmer regions of southern USA and in Mexico and Cuba on various catus species and on Euphorbia sp.
A cyst nematode was originally observed causing decline symptoms on the cacti Discocactus akkermannii and Cereus speciosus by Adam (1932) in the Netherlands. It was thought to be Heterodera schachtii, but, latert, Filipjev and Schuurmans Stekhoven (1941) described it as Heterodera cacti. In 1978, Krall and Krall established the genus Cactodera to accommodate C. cacti and other species.
Cactus cyst nematode was later reported from Central America and from arid zones of the southern regions of North America (Siddiqi, 2000). The neamtode is believed to have originated in Mexico (Krall and Krall, 1978)
Cactus cyst nematode is distributed worldwide, mainly on plants of the family Cactaceae grown in greenhouses as ornamentals. As of 2021, there are twelve other species in Cactodera. Sequences from the ITS-rRNA gene are used for molecular diagnostics of species of Cactodera (Subbotin et al., 2010; Scheck, 2021).
A-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System.
Nurse cell system: A syncytium.
Cactaceae and Euphorbiaceae: the following are listed as hosts in various literature sources:
Binomial
Common Name
Aporocactus flagelliformis Lem.
Rat-Tail Cactus
Mammillaria longimamma DC.
Pincushion Cactus
Borzicactus trollii Kimnach
Old Man of the Andes
Mammillaria magnimamma Haw.
Cereus sp. Mill.
Cactus
Mammillaria martinezii K. Schum.
Cereus speciosus K. Schum.
Mammillaria parkinsonii Ehrenb.
Cereus xanthocarpus K. Schum.
Mammillaria perbella Hildm.
Chamaecereus silvestri Britt. & Rose
Peanut Cactus
Mammillaria pringlei
Coryphantha macrothele ?
Mammillaria prolifera Haw.
Little-Candles
Echinopsis aurea Britt. & Rose
Sea Urchin Cactus
Mammillaria saetigera
Echinopsis sp. L.
Mammillaria sempervivi DC.
Epiphyllum sp. Haw.
Orchid Cactus
Mammillaria sonorensis R. T. Craig.
Ferocactus latispinus Britt. & Rose.
Devil's Tongue
Mammillaria sp. Haw.
Ferocactus pilosus Werderm.
Barrel Cactus
Mammillaria spinosissima Lem.
Ferocactus setispinus L. Bens.
Strawberry Cactus
Mammillaria winterae Bod.
Ferocactus sp. Britt. & Rose.
Mammillaria woodsii R. T. Craig
Gymnocalycium baldianum Speg.
Chin Cactus
Nopalxochia ackermannii F.M. Knuth
Red Orchid Cactus
Gymnocalycium denudatum Pfeiff
Spider Cactus
Notocactus ottonis A. Berger.
Ball Cactus
Gymnocalycium joossensianum Britton & Rose
Notocactus tabularis A. Berger.
Gymnocalycium multiflorum Britton & Rose
Opuntia macdougaliana
Prickly Pear
Gymnocalycium quehlianum Vaup. ex Hosseus
Opuntia microdasys Pfeiffer
Bunny-Ears
Lobivia pentlandii Britt. & Rose
Cob Cactus
Opuntia pailana
Lobivia sp.
Opuntia sp. Mill.
Prickly-Pear
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Infected plants develop branched roots and have an increased number of undersize rootlets.
Plants become reddish brown to yellow in color , may wilt and appear stunted.
Reduced in flower production and shortening of the flowering period.
Vegetative organs become flacid, and flower and stem jointing can be reduced (Mulk, 1977; Esser, 1992).
Necrosis at the feeding sites, access to saprozoic nematodes and pathogenic fungi and bacteria in damaged or stressed plant tissue (Haque and Khan, 2021; Scheck, 2021).
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Avoidance:
The nematodes are easily spread and distributed worldwide in transport and trade of exotic and ornamental catus plants.
Adam, W. 1932. Note sur Heterodera schachtii Schm. parasite des cactus. Bulletin du Mus�e Royal d�Histoire Naturelle de Belgique 8, 1-10.
Baldwin, J.G. and Mundo-Ocampo, M., 1991. Heteroderinae, Cyst-and Non. Manual of agricultural nematology, p.275.
Baldwin, J.G., Mundo-Ocampo, M., McClure, M. 1997. Cactodera salina n.sp. From the estuary plant, Salicornia bigelovii, in Sonora, Mexico. J. Nematology 29:465-473.
CABI Invasive Species Compendium 2021. Cactodera cacti https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/10668 Accessed 10/11/21 Calflora Database. Accessed 10/12/2021.
Chan, H.Y., D.Y. Chen, J.H. Yen, P. Chen, and T.T. and Tsay. 2012. Occurrence, identification and the host range studies of cactus cyst nematode from dragon fruit in Taiwan. Plant Path. Bull. Taiwan 21 :170-171.
Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham.
Duan, Y.X., Wang, D. and Chen, L.J., 2012. First report of the cactus cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti, on cactus in northern China. Plant disease, 96(9), pp.1385-1385.
EPPO Global Database. 2021. Cactodera cacti https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/HETDCC. Accessed 10/11/
Esser, R.P., 1992. Cactus cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti. Fla. Department Agric. & Consumer Serv., Division of Plant Industry.
Evans, K., Rowe, J.A. 1998. Distribution and economic importance. In S.B. Sharma (ed). The Cyst Nematodes. Kluwer
Filipjev, I.N. and Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. 1941. A manual of agricultural helminthology. Leiden, The Netherlands, E.J. Brill, 878 pp.
Hamlen, R. A. 1975. Evaluation of nematicides for control of Heterodera cacti affecting Zygocactus truncatus. Plant Dis. Reptr. 59:636-637.
Haque, Z. and Khan, M.R., 2021. Handbook of Invasive Plant-Parasitic Nematodes. CABI.
Krall, E.L. and Krall, H.A. 1978. Revision of the plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae on the basis of trophic specialization of these parasites and their co-evolution with their host plants. In: Fitogel�mintologicheskie Issledovaniya. Moscow, USSR, Nauka, pp. 39-56.
Langdon, K.R. and Esser, R.P., 1969. Cactus cyst nematode, Heterodera cacti, in Florida, with host list. Plant Disease Reporter, 53(2), pp.123-125.
Mulk, M. M. 1977. Heterodera cacti. CIH Descriptions of plant-parasitic nematodes, Set 7, No 96. St Albans, UK, Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, 4 pp.
Rebou�as, R.B., 2017. Cactodera cacti (Nematoda: Heteroderidae): ocorr�ncia natural em mandacaru (Cereus jamacaru DC.) no Cear� e investiga��o de hospedeiras em cact�ceas e hortali�as. Ubiversidade Federal do Ceara.
Scheck, H.J. 2021. California Pest Rating Proposal for Cactodera cacti (Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941) Krall & Krall, 1978 Cactus cyst nematode. CDFA, Sacramento
Siddiqi, M.R., 2000. Tylenchida: parasites of plants and insects. CABI.
Skantar, A.M., Handoo, Z.A., Kantor, M.R., Hult, M.N. and Hafez, S.A., 2019. First report of the cactus cyst nematode, Cactodera cacti, from a cactus garden in Idaho. Journal of nematology, 51.
Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8A , D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 351p
USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System, Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD) Harmful Organisms Database Report. Cactodera cacti. Accessed 10/11/2021