Heterodera humuli

Heterodera humuli	Contents	Rev 10/16/2023
Hop Cyst Nematode	Classification	Hosts
	Morphology and Anatomy	Life Cycle
Return to Heterodera Menu	Economic Importance	Damage
	Distribution	Management
Return to Heteroderidae Menu	Feeding	References
	Go to Nemaplex Main Menu	Go to Dictionary of Terminology

Classification:

Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Heteroderidae
          Heteroderinae

Heterodera humuli Filip'ev, 1934

A member of the Humuli group of Heteroders app.

Synonyms:

Review general characteristics of the genus Heterodera.

On the basis of cyst morphology and characteristics of the vulval cone, species of Heterodera are placed into nine groups: Afenestrata, Avenae, Bifenestrata, Cardiolata, Cyperi, Schachtii, Sacchari, Goettingiana and Humuli (Subbotin et al., 2022).

The Humuli group consists of species that parasitise dicotyledons and are characterised by a lemon-shaped cyst with a bifenestrate vulval cone (ambifenestrate for H. fici), long vulval slit and weak underbridge. As of 2022, the Humuli group includes seven species: H. amaranthusiae, H. fici, H. humuli, H. litoralis, H. ripae, H. turcomanica and H. vallicola (Subbotin et al., 2022)

General Characteristics of the Humuli Group of Heterodera

Cysts lemon-shaped
Bifenestrate except H. fici
Bullae absent or present
Underbridge weak
Vulval slit long
J2 incisures 4
Dicotyledonous hosts

(Handoo and Subbotin, 2018; Subbotin et al., 2022)

Females:

Males:

Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

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Distribution:

Described and reported throughout Europe, also from North America: Canada, USA (Washington and Oregon), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand (Subbotin et al., 2010).

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Economic Importance:

Causes reduction of height and weight of hop plants (Humulus lupulus), accompanied by nutrient deficiency symptoms. Also, reduction in cone yield in hop plantations (Sen and Jensen, 1969; Hay and Pethybridge, 2003).

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Feeding:

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Hosts:

Hosts of the Humuli group are generally Dictoyledons.

For an extensive host range list for this species, click

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Life Cycle:

The lifecycle of H. humuli is closely associated with its host. In spring, after emerging from winter dormancy, hops produce shoots fwhich are trained intp a trellis system. Eggs of H. humuli overwinter in cysts; in spring, J2 hatch from eggs in response to root exudates (de Grisse and Gillard, 1963). Juveniles actively migrate into hop roots and establish a syncytium feeding site in developing vascular tissues. The nematodes grow and molt three times to become adult females or males. Females remain sedentary while males leave the root and can mate with femalews protruding from the root surface. Following egg production, the cuticle of the female hardens and darkens to form a protective cyst in which eggs are retained.

Some authors have suggested that only one generation occurs annually while others have suggested there may be a second generation under appropriate conditions (Hay and Pethybridge, 2003).

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click	If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters

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Damage:

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Management:

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click

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References:

De Grisse, A., Gillard ., A. 1963. Morphology and biology of hop cyst eelworm (Heterodera humuli Filipjev 1934). Nematologica 9:41-48.

Hafez, S. L., P. Sundararaj, J. Barbour 1999. Impact of Heterodera humuli on growth and mineral nutrition composition of hops, Humulus lupulus cv. Cascade. Int. J. Nematol. 9:23-26.

Hay, F. and Pethybridge, S. 2003. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Hop Production in Tasmania, Australi. Journal of Phytopathology 151:369-375

Sen, A.K. and Jensen, H.J. 1969. Host-parasite relationships of various plants and hop cyst nematode, Heterodera humuli. Plant Disease Reporter 53:37-40.

Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematocsof Cyst Nematodes in Hunt, D.J. and Perry, R.N. (eds) Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 8B. Brill.

Subbotin, S.A., Roubtsova, T.V., Bostock, R.M., Maffi, Z.T., Chizhov, V.N. 2022. DNA barcoding, phylogeny and phylogeography of the cyst nematode species of the Humuli group from the genus Heterodera (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology 24:873-886.