Heterodera mani

 

Contents

 

Rev 09/27/2023

Ryegrass Cyst Nematode; Grass Cyst Nematode Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Heterodera Menu Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management
Return to Heteroderidae Menu Feeding  References
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Classification:

Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Heteroderidae
          Heteroderinae

           Heterodera mani Mathews, 1971

A member of the Avenae group of Heterodera spp.

Synonyms:
    

 

Review general characteristics of the genus Heterodera.

 

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Morphology and Anatomy:

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Females:
Males:  

Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

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Distribution:

Reported from Europe: Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Slovakia, United Kingdom; Africa: South Africa; North America: United States (California, Washington)  and Tasmania(Subbotin et al., 2010; Subbotin et al., 2018; EPPO, 2021)

First reported from perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne, in Northern Ireland by Mathews (1971). The first official California record was  in June 1980 from a collection made of miscellaneous roadside grasses. (Scheck, 2021).


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Economic Importance:

Q-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System.  Proposed Rating as of November, 2021 is B-rating

Althougfh recently found in Tasmania, further research is required to determine whether it affects the yield of perennial ryegrass (Jain et al. 2022; Stirling, 2023).

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Feeding:

Feeding site establishment and development typical of genus.
      

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Hosts:

The genus Heterodera has been divided into ninegroups. H. mani is in the Avenae group and is part of the H. avenae complex. (Subbotin et al., 2010; Handoo and Subbotin, 2018). The species of this group parasitize only monocotyledonous plants.

Molecular markers based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal RNA gene and, the cytochrome oxidase I gene can be used to differentiate species in this complex.

As of 2021, ten species in the H. avenae complex: H. arenaria, H. avenae, H. aucklandica, H. australis, H. filipjevi, H. mani, H. pratensis, H. riparia, H. sturhani, and H. ustinovi. Five species from this group are considered  pests of small grains and are collectively known as cereal cyst nematodes (CCN) (Smiley et al., 2017). The other species in the complex, including H. mani, parasitize grasses but not cereals, and are less important in agricultural production (Subbotin et al., 2018).


 
For an extensive host range list for this species, click

 

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Life Cycle:

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters

 

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Damage:

The diagnostic symptoms of cyst nematodes are usually the presence of cysts on the roots, the proliferation of roots, and shallow, bushy root systems. Heavily colonized young plants are stunted, and their lower leaves are often chlorotic, forming pale green patches in the field. Mature plants are also stunted and have a reduced number of tillers. Their roots are shallow and have a “bushy-knotted” appearance, without necrosis or brown lesions. Plants produce smaller heads with shriveled grain kernels (Smiley et al., 2017).

In Europe, Mowat (1974) reported that H. mani had little effect on the yield of perennial ryegrass in pot trials. However, in field trials with higher inoculum levels, Maas and Brinkman (1977) reported considerable damage to spring-sown perennial ryegrass with an obvious reduction in growth of perennial ryegrass at the second cut in May which coincided with a mass invasion of the roots by second-stage juveniles.

No damage has been reported specifically from this species in California; however, golf courses and sports fields report nematode feeding damage as an important problem.

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Management:

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click

 

 

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References:

Handoo, Z.A. and Subbotin, S.A. 2018. Taxonomy, identification, and principal species. In: Perry, R.N., Moens, M. and Jones, J.T. (Eds). Cyst nematodes. Wallingford, UK, CAB International, pp. 365-397

Jain A, Wainer J, Huston DC, Hodda M, Dinh Q, Mann R, Rodoni B, Edwards J. 2022. First report of ryegrass cyst nematode, Heterodera mani, in Tasmania, Australia. Plant Disease doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-22- 1129-PDN.

Maas, P.T. and Brinkman, H., 1977. Life cycle and pathogenicity of a grass cyst nematode, Heterodera mani, on perennial ryegrass in the Netherlands. Rijksuniversiteit Faculteit Landbouwwettenschappen, Gent.

Mathews, H. J.P. 1971. Two new species of cyst nematode, Heterodera mani n. sp. and H. iri n. sp., from Northern Ireland. Nematologica 17, 553-565.

Scheck, H.J. 2021. California Pest Rating Proposal for Heterodera mani Mathews, 1971 Rye grass cyst nematode . CDFA, Sacramento.

Smiley, R.W., Dababat, A.A., Iqbal, S., Jones, M.G., Maafi, Z.T., Peng, D., Subbotin, S.A. and Waeyenberge, L., 2017. Cereal cyst nematodes: A complex and destructive group of  Heterodera species. Plant Disease, 101(10), pp.1692-1720.

Stirling, G. R. 2023. Plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes in soils under pasture in Australia. Factsheet PSN035, https://www.appsnet.org/nematodes

Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives 8A (Series editors: Hunt, D.J. & Perry, R.N.). Leiden, The Netherlands, Brill.

Subbotin, S.A., Toumi, F., Elekcioglu, I.H., Waeyenberge, L. and Maafi, Z.T., 2018. DNA barcoding, phylogeny and phylogeography of the cyst nematode species of the Avenae group from the genus Heterodera (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology, 20(7), pp.671-702.

USDA Phytosanitary Certificate Issuance and Tracking System, Phytosanitary Export Database (PExD) Harmful Organisms Database Report. Heterodera mani. Accessed 8/31/2021

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