Rev 10/16/2023
Tylenchida Tylenchina Tylenchoidea Heteroderidae Heteroderinae
Heterodera goldeni Handoo and Ibrahim, 2002
One of the species of the genus that comprise the "Sacchari group" of Heterodera spp. Species of the groupes have lemon-shaped cysts, are ambifenestrate, and have finger-like bullae projecting from the underbridge of the vulval cone (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
According to our present knowledge, H. sacchari is definitely present in tropical Africa, H. goldeni is found in the middle east and H. leuceilyma occurs in the subtropical south-east of North America. The species identity of H. sacchari records from other Asian countries, as well as from Trinidad, West Indies, may need confirmation (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
General Characteristics of the Sacchari Group of Heterodera
Cysts lemon-shaped Ambifenestrate Bullae present, finger-like Underbridge well-developed J2 incisures 3 Monocotyledonous hosts
(Handoo and Subbotin, 2018; Subbotin et al., 2010, Tanha Maafi et al., 2005, 2007)
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Iran, Israel, Egypt (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Heterodera goldeni was originally described from Alexandria, Egypt (Handoo & Ibrahim, 2002). Three populations from Iran were found along the coast of the Caspian Sea at Nashtaroud, Mazandaran province, and at Bashman and Bandar Anzali, Gilan province (Tanha Tanha Maafi, 2002). The species was also identified at an additional coastal site west, and another east, of Bandar Anzali and on the coast east of Tonekabon, Mazandaran province (Sturhan, unpubl.). The soil at all sites was sandy (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
The population from Israel was collected at Arava in the south of the country and the species was also identified from two sites 10 km and 20 km north of Tel Aviv. All records are from light soils (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Feeding site establishment and development typical of genus.
Hosts of the Sacchari group of Heterodera spp. are generally moncotyledons.
In Israel, H. goldeni was found around Pennisetum clandestinum and was reared on this plant in the glasshouse. In Egypt it was associated with Panicum coloratum whereas in Iran it was found on common reed, Phragmites australis, and in the rhizosphere of Juncus acutus and various unidentified Poaceae and Juncaceae.
The population from Gilan (Bashman) successfully multiplied on sugarcane ratoons after 2 months (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Ecophysiological Parameters:
HANDOO, Z.A. & IBRAHIM, I.K.A. (2002). Description and SEM observations of a new species of cyst nematode
Handoo, Z.A., Subbotin, S.A. 2018. Taxonomy, identification and principal species. Chapter 15 in Perry, R.N. Moens, M., and Jones, J.T.(eds) Cyst Nematodes. CAB International.
Subbotin, S,A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8B, D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 512p
Tanha Maafi, Z., Sturhan, D., Handoo, Z., Mor, M., Moens, M., Subbotin, S.A.. (2005). Morphological and molecular characterisation of Heterodera sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 and H. goldeni Handoo & Ibrahim, 2002 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Russian Journal of Nematology 13, 152-153.
TANHA MAAFI, Z. (2002). Morphological and molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes from Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, Belgium, 237 pp.
TANHA MAAFI, Z, SUBBOTIN, S.A. & MOENS, M. (2003). Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences. Nematology 5, 99-111.
Tanha Maafi, Z., Sturhan, D., Handoo, Z., Mor, M., Moens, M., Subbotin, S.A.2007. Morphological and molecular studies on Heterodera sacchari, H. goldeni and H. leuceilyma (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Nematology 9: 483-497.