Rev 11/25/2024
Xiphinema rivesi is a member of the X. americanum group of morphologically very similar species.
Described initially by Dalmasso (1969) from grapevine soil in Bordeaux, France. It is considered widespread in California and has been reported from Mendocino, San Francisco, and San Mateo counties (Chitambar et al., 2018; Orlando et al., 2016; Martin, 2024). Due to the difficulty of distinguishing among Xiphinema species based on morphology, some of the historical detections of X. americanum in California are likely X. rivesi and the distribution is likely greater than the three counties listed in the California distribution (Martin, 2024).
Xiphinema rivesi is in the X. americanum-group (Orlando et al., 2016) and is a known vector of plant viruses. It occurs in many states and has the largest distribution of any nematode in the X. americanum group in North America (Robbins, 1993).
Xiphinema rivesi is damaging to citrus in Egypt, Pakistan and Iran,. Reported from grape in France, Spain, Portugal, Canada, USA (Washington State).
Also reported from apple, peach, raspberry, walnut, oak, hackberry, alfalfa, corn, cottonwood and potato in the United States (Wojtowicz et al., 1982; Hafez et al., 1992; Handoo et al., 2015).
Xiphinema rivesi is a vector of at least four North American nepoviruses including Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV), Tobacco ringspot virus (TobRSV), Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV), and Peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) (Auger et al., 2009).
C-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System (Martin, 2024).
Feeds at root tips causing swelling, stunting, and destruction of tips.
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Poor growth and/or stunting of the plant, yellowing, or wilting of the foliage, and damaged or reduced root systems, including root necrosis, lack of feeder or secondary roots, and occasional tufts of stubby rootlets (Chitambar et al., 2018; Martin, 2024).
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Auger, J., Leal, G., Magunacelaya, J.C. and Esterio, M. 3009. Xiphinema rivesi from Chile Transmits Tomato ringspot virus to Cucumber. Plant Disease 93:971.
Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer
Dalmasso A, 1969. Etude anatomique et taxonomique des genres Xiphinema, Longidorus et Paralongidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimidae). Mem. Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 61(2):33-82.
Hafez, S.L., Golden, A.M., Rashid, F. & Handoo, Z.A. 1992. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with crops in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Nematropica 22, 193- 204
Handoo, Z.A., I.K.A. Ibrahim, , D.J. Chitwood and A.A. Mokbel. 2015. First report of Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso, 1969 on citrus in northern Egypt. Pakistan J. Nematology 33:161-165.
Martin, H.J. 2024. California Pest Rating Proposal for Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso 1969 Dagger nematode, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California.
Orlando, V., Chitambar, J.J., Dong, K., Chizhov, V.N., Mollov, D., Bert, W., and Subbotin, S.A. 2016. Molecular and morphological characterisation of Xiphinema americanum-group species (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from California, USA, and other regions, and co-evolution of bacteria from the genus Candidatus xiphinematobacter with nematodes. Nematology 18: 1015-1043.
Robbins, R.T., 1993. Distribution of Xiphinema americanum and related species in North America. Journal of Nematology, 25: 344-348.
Wojtowicz, M.R., Golden, A.M., Forer, L.B. & Stouffer, R.F. 1982. Morphological comparison between Xiphinema rivesi Dalmasso and X. americanum Cobb populations from the eastern United States. Journal of Nematology 14, 511-516.