Rev 11/25/2024
Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
British Columbia and the U.S.
First described by Williams (1961) associated with raspberry plants in British Columbia, Canada.
Reported from forested sites in California (Lownsbery and Lownsbery, 1985).
Nematodes are readily moved with infected rooted plants and soil, and the cultural practices that result in the movement of infected soil to clean, non-infected sites. Movement can also occur with contaminated irrigation water (Chitambar et al., 2018).
Migratory ectoparasite feeding at root tips causing swelling, stunting, and destruction of tips.
Raspberry, strawberry, forest trees (growing in U.S. nurseries).
Ecophysiological Parameters:
In the original collections from which the species was described, Williams (1961) reported one male among around 20 females. Consequently, the mode of reproduction is uncertain; either amphimixis or parthenogenesis or both.
Nematode causes considerable damage to raspberry plantings in British Columbia. Populations of 100 individuals per 500 cc soil causes 40-50% reduction in root and top growth of raspberry plants.
In greenhouse-grown strawberries, the nematode can multiply rapidly (4X increase) and cause damage to root tips in a relatively short time.
Implicated in the damage of 1.5M Douglas-fir trees in forest seedling nurseries (Sluggett, 1972).
Not known as a virus vector.
Above-ground general symptoms of an impaired root system,which, of course are not diagnostic for this nematode. Feeding in the meristematic region of the root tip may result in a phdiologically active nurse cell and and root tips that are hook-shaped or swell to form terminal galls.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham
Lownsbery, J.W. and Lownsbery, B.F., 1985. UC ANR. Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with forest trees in California. Hilgardia. Vol 53, No 5.
Martin, H.J. 2024. California Pest Rating Proposal for Xiphinema bakeri Williams, 1961 Baker�i, a dagger nematode. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA.
McElroy, F. D. 1972. Studies on the host range of Xiphinema bakeri and its pathogenicity to raspberry. Journal of Nematology 4:16-22.
McElroy, F. D. 1990. Nematodes -Pratylenchus penetrans; Xiphinema bakeri Ch 26. In: Hamm, P.B., Campbell, S.J. and Hansen, E.M., 1990. Growing healthy seedlings: Identification and management of pests in Northwest forest nurseries (Vol. 19). Forest Pest Management, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region.
Sluggett, L. J. 1972. Corky root disease of Douglas-fir nursery seedlings. Pest Leafl. No. 53. Pacific For. Res. Center Can. For. Serv. Victoria, B.C. 5p.
Williams, T. D. 1961. Xiphinema bakeri n. sp. (Nematoda: Longidorinae) from the Fraser River Valley, British Columbia, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 39:407-412