Rev 12/21/2024
Female tail has a mucron.
Anterior region
Female gonad with spermatheca and postuterine sac.
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Reported from Canada, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Greece, China and US.
Vectored by Monochamus alternatus in Japan.
Intercepted in June, 1990 in test shipments of logs from Siberia to California.
Occurs in the US (Dwinell, 1997)
Ref:. (Mamiya and Endo, 1979 - Nematologica).
Q-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System.
Recent concerns about plans to import raw lumber from Siberia to mills in California and Oregon - subjected to intensive review - a conflict of different interest groups.
Nematodes spread through axial and radial resin canals of pine trees, feeding on epithelial cells.
Pine.
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Life cycle similar to that of B. xylophilus.
In Japan, B. mucronatus usually assocaites in phoretic relationships with Monochamus saltuarius which can also be a vector of B. xylophilus (Ozawa et al., 2021).
Bursaphelenchus species in phoretic association with Monochamus beetles may infect pine trees in two ways, both of which are impoprtant but may have diifferent fitness implications:
1. They enter through feeding wounds made by the beetles on healthy pine twigs (Mamiya and Enda, 1972; Jikumaru and Togashi, 2001). Ozawa et al (2021) suggest that this infection pathway may render less virulent nemaodes unable to overcome the resistance mechanisms of healthy pine tree and fail to become established.
2. They enter via oviposition wounds created by adult female beetles on declining or recently killed pine trees (Wingfield, 1983; Ishiguro and Aikawa, 2016). Evidence supporting this mechanisms of transmission of the nematodes is provided by the frequent occvurrence of Bursaphelenchus in the reproductive organs of both sexes of the beetle. Ozawa et al (2021) consider this infection pathway to be of critical importance for the long-term survival and success of the nematode population because the weakened or dying trees are less likely to have effective resistance mechanisms.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Ishiguro, H. and Aikawa, T. 2016. [Invasion of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus into dead Pinus densiflora tree through oviposition wounds made by Monochamus alternatus.] Journal of the Japanese Forest Society 98: 124-127. DOI: 10.4005/jjfs.98. 124
Jikumaru, S. and Togashi, K. 2001. Transmission of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) through feeding wounds by Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Nematology 3, 325-333. DOI: 10.1163/ 156854101317020240
Ozawa, S., Maehara, N., Aikawa, T., Yanagisawa, L. and Nakamura, K. 2021. Occurrence of two species of Bursaphelenchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in the reproductive organs of Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Nematology 23:485-494.
Wingfield, M.J. 1983. Transmission of pine wood nematode to cut timber and girdled trees. Plant Disease 67, 35-37. DOI: 10.1094/PD-67-35