Hamulonema		Contents		Rev 06/10/2025
		Classification		Biology and Ecology
		Morphology and Anatomy		Life Cycle
Return to Hamulonema Menu				Ecosystem Functions and Services
		Distribution		Management
Return to Haemonchidae Menu		Feeding		References
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Classification:

Chromadorea

Chromadoria

Rhabditida

  Rhabditina

   Trichostronglyloidea

    Haemonchidae

Ostertagiinae

Hamulonema Hoberg & Abrams, 2008

Type species of the genus: Hamulonema hamata (Monnig, 1932) Hoberg & Abrams, 2008

Synonyms:

 Ostertagia kenyensis Gibbons & Khalil, 1980

Teladorsagia hamata Monnig, 1932

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Morphology and Anatomy:

Hoberg and Abrans (2008) established the genus Hamulonema to accommodate the incompatability in the Ostertagiinae of Osteratgia kenyensis and Teladorsagia. hamata. Neither species was morphologically consistent with any genus of the subfamily. The species transferred to Hamulonema  are immediately distinguished from species of Camelostrongylus, Longistrongylus, Marshallagia, Orloffia, Ostertagia, and Pseudomarshallagia by the structure of the 2-2-1 bursa in males. Other characters also fistinguish Hamulonema from those genera (Durette-Desset, 1983; Hoberg et al., 2008; Hoberg and Abrams, 2008).

Characteristics of the genus:

• Small uncoiled nematodes with well developed bilateral parallel synlophe,
• Prominent thornlike cervical papillae
• Esophageal-intestinal valve prominent.
• Synlophe well developed, symmetrical, perpendicular in orientation, and lacking in gradient. In the cervical region, lateral ridges are disposed in a parallel, Type 2, pattern. Ridges extend to near the caudal extremity in males and females.

• Male:  Bursal structure 2-2-1, symmetrical; discrete fields of bosses present or absent. Rays 2/3 divergent through length, convergent distally. Rays 4/5 equal in length, parallel, relatively straight, narrow, minimally divergent at tips. Accessory bursal membrane and "7" papillae reduced, complex, strongly cuticularized. Rays 8 robust, curved mediad. Dorsal lobe strongly reduced, curving ventrally relative to Rays 8; dorsal ray, or Rays 9/10, with stout base parallel throughout length, bifurcate in distal third.  Spicules robust, trifurcate, with simple weakly pointed ventral process, and curved, hook-like dorsal process.

  Female: Amphidelphic Vulva transverse, located in posterior 25% of body Cuticular inflations may be present. Ref: Hoberg and Abrams, 2008

.

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Distribution:

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Economic Importance:

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Hosts:

Antelope

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Feeding:

Food Sources and Feeding strategies for the genus Hamulonema

Parasites of gastro-intestinal system; abomasal nematodes.

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Life Cycle:

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Damage:

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Management:

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References:

Durette-Desset, M. C. 1983. Keys to the genera of the superfamily Trichostrongyloidea, Vol. 10. In CIH keys to the nematode parasites of vertebrates, R. C. Anderson and A. G. Chabaud (eds.). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, U.K., p. 1-86

Hoberg, E.P., Abrams, A., Ezanwa, V.O. 2008. An exploration of diversity among the Ostertagiinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) in ungulates from sub-Saharan Africa with a proposal for a new genus. Journal of Parasitology 94:230-251.

Hoberg, E.P. and Abrams, O. 2008. Hamulonema Gen. Nov. for Teladorsagia hamata and Ostertagia kenyensis in the Ostertagiine Fauna (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from African Ungulates. J. Parasitol 84:866-879.

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