Rev 09/02/24
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Strategies |
Tactics |
| A. Reduction of the
initial population.
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a) Treatment of planting material
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| A. Reduction of the
initial population. |
b) Inspection, certification, quarantine
Role of California Department of Food and Agriculture Division of Plant Industry Designated Pest Status Ratings for Nematodes in California:
The Golden Nematode Act and associated quarantines provide an excellent example of regulatory activities to control the spread of a nematode.
Quarantine Restrictions on Import of Nematodes into the Republic of China |
| A. Reduction of the
initial population.
C. Increase in carrying capacity. |
c) Grower, advisor education
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| A. Reduction of the initial population. | d) Restriction of spread
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Rate of Spread of Plant-Feeding NematodesThe rate of movement of nematodes in soil from a point source would be quite slow if dependent only on their own activity. Active movement might be around 3 to 5 feet per year, and probably would only occur if there was food available within that radius. However, significant movement of nematodes is generated by natural and anthropogenic forces. Nematodes with stages that are resistant to desiccation may be spread widely and for long distances in blowing dust. Wind spread of cysts of Heterodera avenae across desert regions between cereal production areas has been measured in Australia (Meagher et al). Nematodes are readily and rapidly spread throughout a field, and among fields, by irrigation water, run-off, engineered drainage systems, and flood water. They are also rapidly spread around a field by tillage operations and land leveling (Thomason, Roberts and others). Such activities would generate broadcast distribution essentially instantaneously. Many nematodes, particularly endoparasites are consumed in plant material by birds and other animals (Martin). They successfully survive passage through the digestive tract and become point-source infestations along migration patterns or within territorial boundaries. Their introduction into the New Polder region of the Netherlands after reclamation of land from the sea has been associated with migratory birds. Movement from field to field also occurs with contaminated soil adhering to vehicles and custom tillage and harvesting equipment. Consider the potential for nematodes being spread from field to field on the tires of tomato trailers and tomato harvesters that are currently swarming over Solano and Yolo counties. Movement of the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) in the Midwest has been associated with the purchase of used equipment from established soybean areas for use in new areas of production. Such spread results in single or multiple point-source infestations in a new field and, left undisturbed, might take several years to become evident. However, tillage and water movement are the norm. In the irrigated agriculture of California there may be 9 to 11 separate tillage operations conducted in a field after harvest of a crop in late summer to prepare it for the new crop in the spring. Consider the spread of water across fields in winter rainfall areas where compacted layers and decline of soil structure, resulting from intensive tillage, diminish porosity and water infiltration. Further, consider the frequency of furrow irrigation during the summer crop. There is enormous movement of soil and its resident organisms within a field in a single year. Spread throughout a field from a point-source infestation will probably occur in one or two years under conventional production practices in annual crops in California. The most important determinant of rate of spread in agriculture is the movement of infested plants. That underlies the rationale for the existence of the CDFA Nematode Exclusion Division and the quarantine requirements to restrict international transports of nematodes (exacmple, California Department of Food and Agriculture, Republic of China.. Especially important is the import of plant material that will be used to propagate nursery stock, and the subsequent
distribution of that nursery stock. Sale and movement of infested nursery stock, seed or turf The pattern of distribution among fields is probably most intense closer to the nursery but, depending on the area serviced, may be statewide or even across state boundaries.
So, in summary, the most significant determinants of the rate of spread of nematodes are not the innate activity of the organisms but
somewhat unpredictable effects of physical conditions, cultural operations, and topography, and market patterns. |
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Spread Potential of Some Example Nematodes
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Regulatory Actions to Minimize Spread of the Golden Nematode, Globodera rostochiensis, in the United StatesSoon after the golden nematode was discovered in the United States, the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets took action to prevent its spread under the broad coverage of the state's "Agriculture and Markets Law". In 1944, New York State enacted a specific quarantine against the golden nematode. The quarantine was drafted in consultation with USDA regulatory officials. The quarantine has been modified and amended with changing conditions, new information, and development of management tactics.
The Golden Nematode ActIn 1948, the Federal Government, through the Congress of the United States, announced the Government's policy for the protection of the potato and the tomato industries from the golden nematode. The Government's policy was set forth in the Golden Nematode Act, Title 7, U.S. Code, (See. 150-150g). The act stated, "It is the policy of the Government of the United States independently or in cooperation with State or local governmental agencies and other public and private organizations, associations and individuals to eradicate, suppress, control, and to prevent the spread of the pest." The Secretary of Agriculture is empowered, either independently or in cooperation with States and other agencies, to make inspections, apply suppressive measures, enforce quarantine, enforce restrictions on planting tomatoes and potatoes, destroy tomatoes and potatoes growing in soil found infested with or, exposed to, infestation of the golden nematode, and to compensate growers in areas infested with or exposed to infestation of the golden nematode for not planting tomatoes and potatoes or for losses resulting from destruction of crops. The mandatory restrictions on planting or destruction of crops must be supported by similar State authorizing legislation. QuarantineAs of 2003, the Golden Nematode is one of 22 federally-regulated organisms in the United States (CFR, 2003). According to the Golden Nematode Handbook (Spears, 1968), the following are the basic provisions of the New York State Golden Nematode Quarantine:
2003 Update on New York State Quarantine AreaSource: Jim Pheasant, NAPIS Hotline, Purdue University
Generally infested area, State of New York:
Cayuga County. The town of Montezuma.
Genesee County. The towns of Elba and Byron.
Livingston County. The towns of Avon, Caledonia, Geneseo,
Groveland, Leicester, Lima, Livonia, Mount Morris, West Sparta, and
York.
Nassau County. The entire county.
Orleans County. The towns of Barre and Clarendon.
Seneca County. The town of Tyre.
Steuben County. The towns of Prattsburg and Wheeler; that area
known as ``Arkport Muck'' located in the town of Dansville and bounded
by a line beginning at a point where the Conrail right-of-way (Erie
Lackawanna Rail Road) intersects County Road 52 known as Burns Road),
then north and northeast along County Road 52 to its junction with New
York Route 36, then south and southeast along New York Route 36 to its
intersection with the Dansville Town line, then west along the Dansville
Town line to its intersection with the Conrail right-of-way (Erie
Lackawanna Rail Road), then north and northwest along the Conrail right-
of-way to the point of beginning; and the Werth, Dale, farm, known as
the "Werthwhile Farm"' located in the town of Cohocton on the north side
of County Road 5 (known as Brown Hill Road), and 0.2 mile west of the
junction of County Road 5 with County Road 58 (known as Wager Road).
Suffolk County. The entire county.
Wayne County. The town of Savannah.
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References:CFR (=Code of Federal Regulations) 2003 Domestic
quarantine notices: the Golden Nematode. Pp 104-111, CFR Title 7
(Agriculture), Volume 5, Parts 300 to 399. [CITE: 7CFR301] |
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Animal and Plant Health Inspection Agency (APHIA)
(www.aphia.gov.tw） Ministry of Agriculture Updated July 31, 2024 Importation of plants or plant products shall be
subjected to appropriate quarantine treatment for mitigating following
pests if they are intercepted. If there is no appropriate quarantine
treatment for the pest, the importing plants or plant products shall be
destroyed or re-shipped. APHIA may implement quarantine treatment to the
higher taxa of the listed pests if necessary |
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