Rev 10/17/2023
A member of the Goettingiana group of Heterodera spp.
Synonyms: None.
General Characteristics of the Goettingiana Group of Heterodera
Cysts lemon-shaped Ambifenestrate Bullae absent or present Underbridge weak Vulval slit long J2 incisures 4 Dicotyledonous hosts
(Handoo and Subbotin, 2018; Subbotin et al., 2010, Subbotin et al. 2023)
Female:
Cyst:
Male:
Ref: Escobar-Avila et al., 2018
Second-stage juvenile:
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Europe, Southern Africa, North America, Mexico (Escobar-Avila et al., 2018.)
Associated with considerable yield losses in carrot production in Italy
Feeding site establishment and development typical of genus.
Hosts of the Goettingiana group of Heterodera spp. are usually dicotyledonous plants. Carrot, Daucus carota (wild and cultivated). Also reported on Torilis leptophylla. also in the Apiaceae.
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Juveniles from the egg-mass hatch within a few days, even in the absence of a host plant, and may begin a second generation by invading young rootlets. Infective juveniles ratined in cysts do not emerge until 2-3 months after the brown stage has been reached. Dehydrated egg-masses may persist in the soil either free or adhering to the cyst or to pieces of root.
Root invasion takes place in 36 hrs. at 18-20 C. Development of egg-sac starts about 4 weeks later. Some females even at maturity remain embedded within the root. Egg-sac rapidly fills with extruded eggs which are at first unembryonated, but later contain fully developed juveniles.
Adult males may be found after about 30 days; they are numerous and, in Italy, they were found free in the soil between October and November (Ambrogioni, 1970, 1971).
On carrots sown in March and harvested in July (England), only one generation developed, but on the main crop sown in May and harvested in November, it is possible for two generations to develop (Jones, 1950a). Two generations may also develop on greenhouse-grown carrots (Stelter, 1969).
[Ref: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 5, No. 61 (1975)]
Patchy growth, yellowish leaves; distortion of tap root, due to early lignification, renders affected carrots unmarketable.
Lamberti, et al. (1974) observed that two applications of 1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone), made at 3 and 4 weeks prior to sowing, result in highest increase in carrot yield.
Greco, et al. (1974) found that phenamiphos (500 kg/ha) or dazomet (500 kg/ha) gave high yield increases with respect to control. Acceptable results were also obtained with Di-Trapex (300 l/ha) and 1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone) (400 l/ha).
A range of other nematicides produce acceptable results, but are not economically feasible to use.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 5, No. 61 (1975)
Handoo, Z.A., Subbotin, S.A. 2018. Taxonomy, identification and principal species. Chapter 15 in Perry, R.N. Moens, M., and Jones, J.T.(eds) Cyst Nematodes. CAB International.
Subbotin, S,A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8B, D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 512p
Subbotin, S.A., Roubtsova, T.V., Bostock, R.M., Maafi, Z.T., Chizhov, V.N., Palomares-Rius, J.E., Pablo Castillo, P. 2023. DNA barcoding, phylogeny and phylogeography of the cyst nematode species of the Schachtii group from the genus Heterodera (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae). Nematology (in press).