Betulodera betulae

 

Contents

  

Rev 10/31/2023

Birch Cyst Nematode Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Betulodera Menu Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management
Return to Heteroderidae Menu Feeding  References
    Go to Nemaplex Main Menu   Go To Dictionary of Terminology 

Classification:

      Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Heteroderidae
          Punctoderinae


           Betulodera betulae (Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969) Sturhan, 2002

Type species of the genus.

    Synonyms:
   Heterodera betulae Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969

    Cactodera betulae (Hirschmann & Riggs, 1969) Krall & Krall, 1978

 

Back to Top

Morphology and Anatomy:

.

Female: 

  • Female body pearly white
  • Lemon-shaped, pear shaped or spheroid.
  • Cyst stage present; ; cysts circumfenestrate with a vulval cone that is only slightly protruding
  • Cyst wall with thick network pattern of markings.
  • Vulva terminal, circumfenestrate, short vulval slit, no underbridge, occasional vulval denticles.
  • Anus without fenestration

J2:

  • Second stge juveniles with three incisures in the lateral field.

Ref: Subbotin et al., 2010

 

Male: 

  • Body twisted.  
  • Lateral field with 4 incisures
  • Phasmids present 
  • Tail short, hemispherical. 


Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

 
Back to Top

Distribution:

Recovered from soil samples taken from River Birch (Betula nigra) along the bank of the middle fork of the White River near Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA. Also reported from locations in A Iowa and Missouri (Golden and Raski, 1977)

Back to Top

Economic Importance:

 

Back to Top

Feeding:

 
Back to Top

Hosts:

Betula nigra and other birch species. Limited reproduxction reported  on Lespedexa, Alnus and a few other plants that were tested.
For an extensive host range list for this species, click


Back to Top

Life Cycle:

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters
Back to Top

Damage:

 

Back to Top

Management:

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click

 

Back to Top

References:

Golden, A.M. and Raski, D.J. 1977.  Heterodera thornei n.sp. (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) and a review of related species J. Nematology 9: 93-112.

Krall, E.L. and Krall, H.A. (1978). [Revision of the plant nematodes of the family Heteroderidae on the basis of trophic specialization of these parasites and their co-evolution with their host plants.] In: Fitoges helmintologicheskie Issledovaniya. Moscow, USSR, Nauka, pp. 39-56.

Subbotin, S.A., Cid Del Prado Vera, I., Mundo-Ocampo, M. & Baldwin, J.G. (2011) Identification, phylogeny and phylogeography of circumfenestrate cyst nematodes (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) as inferred from analysis of ITS-rDNA. Nematology, 13:805-824. https://doi.org/10.1163/138855410X552661

Sturhan, D, 2002. Notes on the genus Cactodera Krall & Krall, 1978 and proposal of Betulodera betulae gen. nov., comb. nov.(Nematoda: Heteroderidae. Nematology 4 :875-882.

Subbotin, S.A., Mundo-Ocampo, M., Baldwin, J.G. 2010. Systematics of Cyst Nematodes (Nematode: Heteroderinae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Volume 8A , D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 351p

Back to Top
Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: October 31, 2023.