Rev 10/07/2024
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Nematode around 2 mm long.
Long overlap of esophagus over intestine.
Diovarial females, sexually reproducing.
Typical pratylenchid stylet.
Nematodes are unusually long for endoparasites, but inhabit air channels rather than an intracellular environment.
Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:
Hirschmanniella oryzae is found throughout rice-growing regions, Asia, Japan, West Africa, South America, U.S. in Texas and Louisiana; but is thought not to be present in California. Sher found complexes of several species in collections from rice, including H. spinicaudata and H. belli. Literature prior to 1968 may deal with mixtures.
Zheng (in Davis as a visiting Chinese scholar in the early 1980s), surveyed 100 rice fields around Northern California and concluded all the Hirschmanniella populations that he found were H. belli. He concluded that populations of H. belli in California were much lower than those of H. oryzae in China. The nematodes identified as H. belli are commonly associated with sedges and common cattail (Typha latifolia) along streams and in wet ditches surrounding rice fields. It should be noted that the Zheng and other studies were based on morphometric and anatomical characters of the nematodes and did not employ molecular techniques.
A-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System.
Migratory endoparasite of roots. Juveniles and adults enter behind the root tip and move in air channels; can also migrate into older roots.
Nematodes do not migrate up into stem.
Rice, corn, sugarcane, grasses, and sedges.
Ecophysiological Parameters:
Eggs hatch occurs in 4-5 days in roots; and development to adult takes about 1 month.
Two or more generations are produced per growing season, with a 10- to 15-fold increase - up to 250/g root.
Nematodes are more common in damp paddy fields than drained and dried fields. It survives poorly in dry fields.
Nematode can survive without food for several weeks; may overwinter in dead roots as eggs (if kept moist), also as juveniles and adults.
There is a positive correlation between population densities and pH.
Weeds in and around rice paddies are iconsidered mportant survival hosts.
Infestation retards growth, decreases height, delays tillering, and reduces weight of dry matter.
Causes necrosis of penetrated epidermal cells, damage and destruction of cortical cells resulting in cavities in cortex, necrotic regions, and secondary invasion.
This nematode occurs with H. spinicaudata in West Africa and the combination reduces rice yields by 20%. In contrast to H. oryzae. H. spinicaudata survives well in dry soils.
Previously, H. oryzae was thought to cause a serious disease of rice called "Mentek."
Host Plant Resistance
There is no significant resistance in rice varieties to H. oryzae, although there is considerable tolerance due to repeated individual selection.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
Soil Fumigation
Fumigant nematicides are effective in dry fields, but economically questionable.
In trials conducted by A.L. Taylor in Thailand, treatment of soil in rice seedbeds with nematicides (1,3-Dichloropropene (Telone) (then D-D mixture), DBCP, or methyl bromide) and treatment of paddy soil with either D-D or DBCP (both by injection and then flooding) or by flooding and then mixing in DBCP or D-D, increased rough rice yields by 24 to 37%. The weight of plants increased by as much as 95% and tillering increased as much as 43%.
Crop Rotation
Rotation to non-hosts for 1 year is effective, but may be impractical.
Cultural Methods
A prolonged dry period between crops is effective, but may also be difficult to achieve.
Heavy fertilization has been recommended to help offset reduced yields.
In West Africa, H. spinicaudata can reduce rice yields by 20%, and can survive the dry season well in root debris; however, if the fields are flooded between crops, causing the roots to decay, hydrogen sulfide is released and H. spinicaudata survives poorly (research by Fortuner in Senegal). But flooding may be difficult to achieve as river flow diminishes during the dry season, making water less available.