Hoplolaimus smokyensis

Hoplolaimus smokyensis	Contents	Rev 05/18/2021
Lance Nematode	Classification	Hosts
	Morphology and Anatomy	Life Cycle
Return to Hoplolaimus Menu	Economic Importance	Damage
	Distribution	Management
Return to Hoplolaimidae Menu	Feeding	References
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Classification:

        Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Hoplolaimidae
          Hoplolaiminae

           Hoplolaimus smokyensis Ma, Robbins, Bernard, Holguin,& Agudelo, 2019

Morphology and Anatomy:

Female:

Body vermiform, tapering slightly at each end.
Head offset, massive cephalic framework, usually with six, sometimes five, lip annules and the oral disc; basal annule tessellate.
Oral disc surrounded by a lip annule with six sections: two subdorsal, two subventral, and two reduced lateral sectors.
Stylet long and robust, basal knobs tulip-shaped.
Dorsal esophageal gland orifice ca 12 Î¼m from base of stylet knobs.
Posterior esophageal glands with three nuclei, one nucleus in the dorsal gland.
Excretory pore prominent at 10-15.5% of body length from anterior end.
Hemizonid large, spanning about two annules, just anterior to excretory pore.
Lateral field with four incisures, incompletely areolated, narrowing to two incisures at level of metacorpus, ending abruptly with merging of outer incisures at level of anus.
Phasmids large, scutelliform, conspicuous, variable in position, right phasmid located anterior to vulva, left located posterior 60-90% of body length from anterior end.
Vulva prominent, located near mid-body, with deep transverse slit, epiptygma absent.
Ovaries two, outstretched.
Spermatheca round to oval, usually with many sperm.
Tail hemispherical to conoid-hemispherical.

Male:

Body shape cylindroid, vermiform., generally shorter than female.
Head offset from body contour, labial region exhibiting sexual dimorphism, higher and rounder than females when viewed laterally.
Head region usually bearing six lip annules and the oral disc, occasionally five annules
Stylet knobs tulip-shaped.
Excretory pore at 12-14% of body length from anterior end, 2-3 annules posterior to hemizonid.
Cuticular annules at mid-body ca 2 Î¼m wide.
Lateral field areolated, with four incisures.
Testis single, outstretched anteriorly.
Spicules and gubernaculum long and prominent, bursa large and conspicuous, extending to tail tip. Gubernaculum large, protrusible, with prominent capitulum and titillae

Ref: Ma et al., 2019

Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

Distribution:

Described from the rhizosphere of forest trees (Acer sp., Tsuga canadensis and Halesia carolina) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee-North Carolina border, USA

Hosts:

For an extensive host range list for this species, click

Life Cycle:

Presumed to be sexually reproducing based on abundance of males and presence of sperm in the spermatheca.

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click	If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters

Management:

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click

Ma, X., R.T. Robbins, E.C. Bernard, C.M. Holguin and P. Agudelo. 2019. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Hoplolaimus smokyensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae), a lance nematode from Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. Nematology 21:923-935.