Family HOPLOLAIMIDAE
Classification:
Tylenchina
Tylenchoidea
Hoplolaimidae
Filip'ev, 1934
Synonyms:
Nemonchidae
Skarbilovich, 1959
Aphasmatylenchidae Sher, 1965
Rotylenchulidae
Husain & Khan, 1965
Pararotylenchidae
Baldwin & Bell, 198
Interrotylenchidae Eroshenko, 1984
Morphology and Anatomy:
- Female vermiform to kidney-shaped.
- Lip region higher than 0.5 the diameter of the basal lip annulus, with rounded or trapezoidal outline in
lateral view.
- Lateral field generally with four lines.
- Phasmids generally located anterior to anus, rarely on the tail
(except in the case of Scutellonema).
- Tail two anal body diameters long or less, generally curved dorsally, sometimes
hemispherical.
- Deirids absent.
- Stylet strong, 2.5-3 times longer than the diameter of the basal lip annulus.
- Esophageal glands overlapping the anterior intestine (exception:
Pararotylenchus).
- Females with two genital branches, posterior branch may be reduced to post-uterine sac.
- Columned uterus with three rows of four cells.
- Eggs laid in a gelatinous matrix in Rotylenchulinae.
- Males may show sexual dimorphism in some taxa with feeding apparatus non-functional.
- Caudal alae of male
leptoderan.
- Gubernaculum with titillae.
- Obligate higher plant parasites with a migratory ecto-endoparasitic habit, sometimes semi-endo-sedentary parasites.
[Ref: Fortuner, Rev. Nematol. 10(2):219-232 (1987), and H. Ferris.]
Three subfamilies are considered:
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