Subfamily HOPLOLAIMINAE

Classification:

        Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Hoplolaimidae
          Hoplolaiminae Filip'ev, 1934
    Synonyms:
      Rotylenchoidinae Whitehead, 1958
      Nemonchinae Skarbilovich, 1959
      Aphasmatylenchinae Sher, 1965
      Rotylenchinae Golden, 1971
      Pararotylenchinae Baldwin & Bell, 1981
      Interrotylenchinae Eroshenko, 1984
      Scutellonemoidinae Eroshenko, 1984

Morphology and Anatomy:

•  Adult female remains vermiform. 
• Lateral field with four lines or less. 
•  Phasmids near anus or erratic, anteriorly migrated on body, rarely on tail, small or enlarged, rarely absent. 
• Tail short, more curved dorsally with or without a ventral projection, or regularly rounded, rarely conoid.
•  Caudalids and cephalids present, labial framework and stylet strong. 
• DEGO relatively far fom stylet. 
• Esophageal glands either of the same length and not overlapping the intestine, or variously enlarged and overlapping the intestine. 
• Genital branches always outstretched; two of equal length or posterior branch smaller or reduced to a post-uterine sac (PUS).
• Eggs not deposited in a gelatinous matrix.
•  Male with anterior end smaller than female, but still functional. 
• Caudal alae enveloping tail end. 
• Migratory ecto or semi-endoparasites of higher plants. 
        [Ref: Fortuner, Rev. Nematol. 10:219-232 1987.]

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