Hoplotylus   

  

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Rev 09/13/2023

  Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle

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Distribution Management
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Classification:

         Tylenchina  
          Tylenchoidea 
            Pratylenchidae 
              Pratylenchinae 
                Hoplotylus s'Jacob, 1959

Type species of the genus: Hoplotylus femina s'Jacob, 1959

Taxonomic Note:  Palomares-Rius et al (2016) point out important morphological and molecular similarities between Hoplotylus and Radopholus and other Hoplolaimidae.  But, the genus also displays characteriestics of the Pratylenchidae.  They call for in-depth consideration of reassignment of this genus to the Hoplolaimidae.  At the molecular level, the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA and partial 18S show a close relationship between Radopholus and Hoplotylus and the SH-test performed supported the close relationship of these genera in a clade closely related to Hoplolaimidae and not to Pratylenchidae. Moreover, the strong stylet with tulip-shaped knobs is a character shared by both Hoplotylus and the Hoplolaimidae and the phasmids in Hoplotylus and Hoplolaimidae are at anal level and  not located in the mid-tail region as in most tylenchids, including Pratylenchidae.  But, the lip region is similar for Hoplotylus, Pratylenchus and Pratylenchoides; also, there is sexual dimorphism of males and and all are migratory endoparasites of plant roots. Palomares-Rius et al (2016) point to the need for more molecular markers in order to assess: i) if Hoplotylus and Radopholus should be included within the Hoplolaimidae or if they form an independent clade; and ii) to clarify the taxonomic status of very similar nominal species of Hoplotylus.

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Morphology and Anatomy:

 
  • Pronounced sexual dimorphism in anterior body. 
  • Deirids absent (said to be present in the male of H. femina).

 

Female: 

  • Labial area dome-shaped; cephalic sclerotization strong. 
  • Stylet strong with basal knobs rounded or tulip-shaped with anterior processes.
  • Esophageal glands in line, with moderate dorsal overlap of the intestine. Esophago-intestinal valve undeveloped.
  • Monodelphic, prodelphic; posterior genital branch reduced to a short post-uterine sac. 
  • Tail elongate-conical, rounded terminally. 

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Male:

  • Lip region, high, asymmetrical (dorsal sectors higher), not or only slightly set-off; cephalic sclerotization weak.
  • Stylet and esophagus reduced. 
  • Gubernaculum not protruding. 
  • Caudal alae subterminal.

[Ref: Luc,  (1987)., Gu et al., (2020)] 


Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:
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Distribution:

Hoplotylus femina has been reportef from The Netherlands, Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Japan, Spain and Mexico (Palomares-Rius et al., 2016).

Hoplotylus japonicus and H. montanus reported from Japan.

Hoplotylus silvaticus and H. sjacobi reported from USA. (Gu et al., 2020)

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Economic Importance:

 

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Feeding:

 

 

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Hosts:

For an extensive host range list for this genus, click
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Life Cycle:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click 
 
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Damage:

 

 

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Management:

 

 

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References:

Gu, J., M. Maria, Y. Fang and M. Pedram. 2020. A. new pratylenchid nematode, Hoplotylus japonicus n. sp. (Tylenchina: Pratylenchidae) from the rhizosphere of Japanese maple, Acer palmatum (Thumb.). Nematology 22:1131-1140.

Luc, Rev. Nematol. 10(2):203-218 (1987).

Palomares-Rius, J.E., C. Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, A. Archidona-Yuste and P. Castillo. 2016. Hoplotylus femina s'Jacob, 1960 (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from Spain with molecular phylogenetic relationships inferred by D2-D3 expansion fragments of 28S and the partial 18S rRNA gene sequences. Nematology 18:559-569.

 

 

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: September 13, 2023.