Synoecnema

Synoecnema	Contents	Rev 12/17/2024
	Classification	Hosts
	Morphology and Anatomy	Life Cycle
Return to Synoecnema Menu	Economic Importance	Damage
	Distribution	Management
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Classification:

Chromadorea Rhabditida Tylenchina Drilonematoidea
Ungellidae: Synoecneminae

Synoecnema de Magalhaes, 1905

Type species of the genus: Synoecnema fragile de Magalhaes, 1905

Synonyms:

Siconemalla Timm, 1967

Morphology and Anatomy:

Genus characterized by having a pair of cephalic hooks

Per description of Synoecnema hirsutum:

Body almost cylindrical, tapering to both ends.
Cuticle thin, transversely striated, with short setae and spike-like outgrowths variously distributed. No lateral fields, epidermis thick.
Anterior end curved with small paired sub-terminal cephalic hooks.
Cephalic sensilla indistinct. Amphids with apertures situated closely to hook base.
Mouth shifted ventrad; stoma absent.
Pharynx clavate with long thin muscular corpus and large muscular-glandular pear-shaped terminal bulb displaced dorsally.
Nerve ring encircling posterior of corpus.
Excretory pore 1 um wide, at level of nerve ring, excretory duct strongly cuticularised, extending beyond bulb base, paired excretory canals weakly cuticularized, passing through very large excretory gland which extends at least to mid-body.
Intestine discernible at anterior, cardia-like structure present.
Caudal organs long shallow grooves lacking cuticle, situated mid-laterally on the surface of posterior half of body.
Tail extremity conical. Sexes often permanently in copula

Female:

Prodelphic, monodelphic.
Postvulval body region very slightly swollen.
Multilobed gland of obscure function present at posterior portion of body behind vulva,
Ovary reflexedwith distal cell close to tail extremity. A large spermatheca at reflex point, filled with large spermatozoa
Vulva pre-equatorial, on slight protuberance, anterior vulval flap enlarged, No post-uterine sac.
Caudal organs extending from vulva level nearly to tail end.

Male:

Monorchic. Testis reflexed at anterior third of body level.
Spermatocytes rounded, ca. 5uï¿½m in diameter, arranged distally in two rows.
Spicular apparatus and gubernaculum absent.
Anal flaps developed unequally, anterior flap inflated and hook-like, while posterior one much smaller
No caudal sensilla detected. Caudal organ structure and position similar to that of female

Ref: Ivanova et al., 2021

Synoecnema hirsutum Timm, 1959. A. entire male; B. entire female; C. female pharynx region, D,E: female head region. F: egg. Scale bars 10 um.
Drawings from Ivanova, Efeykin, Spiridonov, 2021

Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:

Distribution:

Generally described from tropical and subtropical eathworms.

Feeding:

Parasites of the body cavity of earthworms.

Hosts:

Earthworms

For an extensive host range list for this genus, click

Life Cycle:

Earthworms are the definitive and single hosts.

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click

Ivanova, E.S., Efeykin, B.D. Spiridonov, S.E. 2021. The re-description of Synoecnema hirsutum Timm, 1959 (Synoecneminae, Ungellidae, Drilonematoidea) from a pheretimoid earthworm in Vietnam with the analysis of its phylogenetic relationships ZooKeys 1076:135-190. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.1076.75932

Ivanova, E.S., Spiridonov, S.E. 1989. New species of Synoecnema (Drilonematoidea, Ungellidae) - parasitic nematodes of tropical earthworms Pheretima (Oligochaeta, Megascolecidae). In: Ryss, A Yu (Ed.). Tylenchidy i rhabditidy rasteniy i nasekomykh. Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR 194: 106-120.

Ivanova, E.S., Pham Van Luc. 1989. Synoecnema tuliemense sp.n. (Nematoda, Ungellidae) from earthworms of Vietnam. Vestnik Zoologii 3: 7-11.

Ivanova, E.S., Ganin, G.N., Spiridonov, S.E. 2014. A new genus and two new nematode species (Drilonematoidea, Ungellidae, Synoecneminae) parasitic in two morphs of Drawida ghilarovi Gates, 1969, endemic earthworm from the Russian Far East. Systematic Parasitology 87: 231-248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11230-014-9471.

Ivanova, E.S., Sumaya, N.H., Spiridonov, S.E. 2015. Synoecnema watinagii (Drilonematoidea: Ungellidae: Synoecneminae), a new nematode species parasitic in earthworms from the Philippines with the first molecular and SEM data for the genus Zootaxa 3957: 120ï¿½130. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3957.1.10

de Magalhaes, P.S. 1905. Notes dï¿½helminthologie brasillienne. Archives de Parasitologie. Paris. 9: 305-318.

Timm, R.W 1959. Observations on Synoecnema (Nematoda, Ungellidae), with a description of two new species. Pakistan Journal of Scientific Research 11: 58-62.

Timm, R.W 1962. Nematode parasites of the coelomic cavity of earthworms. I. The genera Synoecnema and Ungella. Biologia (Dacca) 8: 1-7.

Synoecnema

Contents

Classification:

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Morphology and Anatomy:

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Distribution:

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Economic Importance:

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Feeding:

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Hosts:

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Life Cycle:

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Damage:

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Management:

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References:

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Copyright 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: December 17, 2024.

Synoecnema

Copyright 1999 by Howard Ferris. Revised: December 17, 2024.

Copyright 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: December 17, 2024.