Pseudoterranova

Pseudoterranova	Contents	Rev: 01/04/2023
	Classification	Biology and Ecology
	Morphology and Anatomy	Life Cycle
Return to Pseudoterranova Menu		Ecosystem Functions and Services
	Distribution	Management
Return to Anisakidae Menu	Feeding	References
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Spirurina

Ascaridoidea

Anisakidae

Pseudoterranova Mozgovoi, 1951

Molecular analyses by Nadler et al (2005) demonstrated strong support for the monophyly of Pseudoterranova, Phocasacaris, Contracaecum and Anisakis in the family Anisakidae.

Synonyms:

Morphology and Anatomy:

Males:

Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:

Humans are accidental hosts due to ingestion of raw or undercooked fish containing the third infective-stage larvae. Human anisakiasis patients suffer from abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea (Dorny et al., 2009).

Anisakiasis

The following detailed descriptions and lifecycles of nematodes associased with Anisakiasis are provided courtesy of CDC, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Causal Agents

Anisakiasis is caused by the ingestion of larvae of several species of ascaridoid nematodes (roundworms), which are sometimes called herringworm, codworm, sealwormÂ, in undercooked marine fish. Known human-infecting anisakid species include members of the Anisakis simplex complex [A. simplex sensu stricto, A. pegreffii, A. berlandi (=A. simplex C)], the Pseudoterranova decipiens complex (P. decipiens sensu stricto, P. azarasi, P. cattani, and others), and the Contracecum osculatum complex. Recent genetic studies have revealed high diversity within these anisakid groups, suggesting additional cryptic species are likely represented in zoonotic infections.

Adult stages of anisakid nematodes reside in the stomach of marine mammals, where they are embedded in the mucosa in clusters. Unembryonated eggs produced by adult females are passed in the feces of marine mammals . The eggs become embryonated in water, undergoing two developmental molts , and hatch from the eggs as free-swimming ensheathed third-stage (L3) larvae . These free-swimming larvae are then ingested by crustaceans . The ingested larvae grow within the crustacean hemocoel, and become infective to fish and cephalopod paratenic hosts. After preying upon infected crustaceans, the digested L3 larvae migrate from the paratenic host intestine into the abdominal cavity, and eventually to the tissues of the mesenteries and skeletal muscle. Through predation, tissue-stage L3 larvae can be transmitted among paratenic hosts . Fish and squid maintain L3 larvae that are infective to humans and marine mammals .

When fish or squid containing third-stage larvae are ingested by definitive host marine mammals, the larvae molt twice and develop into adult worms . After ingestion by humans, the anisakid larvae penetrate the gastric and intestinal mucosa, causing the symptoms of anisakiasis .

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Life Cycle:

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Ecosystem Functions and Services:

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Management:

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References:

Dorny, P., Praet, N., Deckers, N. and Gabriel, S. 2009. Emerging food-borne parasites. Veterinary Parasitology 163:196-206.

Klimpel, S. and Palm, H. W. 2011. Anisakid nematode (Ascaridoidea) life cycles and distribution: Increasing zoonotic potential in the time of climate change? In Mehlhorn, H. (Ed.), Progress in parasitology. Parasitology research monographs, Vol. 2 Springer, Berlin, pp. 201-222.

Nadler, S.A., D'Amelio, S., Dailey, M.D. Paggi, L., Siu, S., Sakinari, J. A. Molecular phylogenetics abnd diagnosis of Anisakis, Pseudoterranova, and Pseudoterranova from Nothern Pacific marine mammals. J. Parasitol. 91:1413-1429.