Meloidogyne javanica

 

Contents

 

Rev 07/02/2024

Javanese Root-knot Nematode Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle
Return to Meloidogyne Menu Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management
Return to Meloidogynidae Menu Feeding  References
    Go to Nemaplex Main Menu   Go to Dictionary of Terminology

 


Classification:

      Tylenchida
       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
          Meloidogynidae
           Meloidogyninae

           Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood, 1949

Review general characteristics of the genus Meloidogyne.

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Morphology and Anatomy:

Sample perineal patterns of Meloidogyne javanica.  The double lateral lines are characteristic. 

Body shapes of immature and mature females.

Males of Meloidogyne javanica are vermiform and 1 mm to 1.5 mm long.

The body rotates through a characteristic half twist along its length.

There is no bursa.

Males probably do not feed and usually have no reproductive function.  They may develop in larger numbers under stressful conditions.

 
Meloidogyne javanica Perineal Patterns:
From International Meloidogyne Project 
   

Reported median body size for this species (Length mm; width micrometers; weight micrograms) - Click:

 
 
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Distribution:

Originally described from Java, Indonesia. Occurs widely in warm regions of the world.

Predominant root-knot species in central Africa.

Species is often dominant at higher altitudes in warm climates..

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Economic Importance:

C-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System. (Scheck, 2022).

Meloidogyne javanica has a very broad host range with close to 800 host plants recorded. It is one of the most serious pests of crops in central Africa and is considered second only to M. incognita in importance worldwide, being widespread in sub-tropical and tropical regions (Sasser et al., 1985; Scheck, 2022)..

In California, M. javanica is most often associated with beet, citrus, tomato, olive, potato, grape, and peach (Chitambar et al., 2018).

 

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Feeding:

Sedentary endoparasite.

Feeding site establishment and development typical of genus.

Sedentary endoparasite of plant roots.

 

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Hosts:

Type Host: sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum).

Very broad host range; over 770 species of host plants.

For an extensive host range list for this species, click

 

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Life Cycle:

Reproduction by mitotic parthenogenesis (see life cycle details for the genus).

Ecophysiological Parameters:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this species, click If species level data are not available, click for genus level parameters

Chromosome number 2n=42-48. The large number, and variability of chromosome number, are typical of species reproducing by obligate mitotic parthenogenesis. (Subbotin et al., 2021; Triantaphyllou, 1985).

Minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures recorded for life processes of M. javanica

Activity or Process T (min) T (opt) T (max)
Egg Hatch 10 30 35
Motility 25
Root Invasion 20-30
Growth 25-30
Reproduction 24-28
Survival <10

   

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Damage:

This species is the most serious pest of crops in central Africa (Daulton  & Curtis, 1964).

Interactions between M. javanica and other pathogens can occur.

Like other root-knot nematodes, M. javanica incites galls on the root systems of host plants. Damage to the root systems impairs the ability of the plant to take up water and nutrients from the soil. The feeding site is a group of cells known as "giant-cells", created when the nematode injects secretory proteins that stimulate changes within the parasitized cells. The feeding-site cells are multinucleate duew to nuclear division occurring without cell wall formation, known as karyokinesis without cytokinesis,. Giant-cells act as nutrient sinks, supplying large amounts of resources to the nematode. The production of plant growth regulators control development and function of the giant cells (Scheck, 2022).

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Management:

Soil fumigants in higher value crops.

Crop rotation can be effective, but may be difficult to find non-hosts of economic value.

Length of rotation of Ermelo Weeping Lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula) between tobacco crops in Meloidogyne javanica infested soil.  One year rotation on left (not fumigated/fumigated). three year rotation on right (fumigated/not fumigated).  After three years of non-host rotation there was no further benefit from soil fumigation. (Zimbabwe, 1964).

Hot water dips of planting material (for example, potatoes at 46 C for 2 hours).  

There is less plant resistance to attack by this species than for M. incognita.

In tobacco fields in North Carolina, the predominant Meloidogyne species was M. incognita until introduction of cultivars with resistance to that species.  Subsequently there has been a shift to M. javanica and M. arenaria, which now predominate in tobacco fields (and for which resistance is not available).

The Mi gene of tomato confers resistance to several species of root-knot nematode, including M. javanica, M. incognita and M. arenaria.

Cultivars of carrot derived from Brasilia carry single gene resistance to M. javanica.  The gene does not confer resistance to M. incognita; that had to be provided from other sources.

Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:

For plants reported to have some level of resistance to this species, click
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References:

Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham.

Daulton, R. A. C. and Curtis, R. F. 1963. The effect of Tagetes spp. on Meloidogyne javanica in Southern Rhodesia. Nematologica 9:357-362

H. Ferris

Scheck, H.J. 2022. California Pest Rating Proposal for Meloidogyne javanica (Treub, 1885) Chitwood, 1949. CDFA, California, USA

Subbotin, S.A. Palomares-Rius, J.E., Castillo, P. 2021. Systematics of Root-knot Nematodes (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Vol 14: D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 857p.

Triantaphyllou, A.C. 1985. Gametogenesis and the chromosomes  of Meloidogune nataliei: not typical of other root-knot nematodes. J. Nematology 17:1-5.

Triantaphyllou, A.C. 1985. Cytogenetics, cytotaxonomy and phylogeny of root-knot nematodes. In Sasser, J.N. & Carter, C.C. (eds) An Advanced Treatiswe on Meloidogyne.Vol 1. Biology and Control.N.C. State Universty Graphics, Raleigh, N.C. USA.

 

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: July 02, 2024.