Nematodes Parasites of Higher Plants

Migratory endoparasites - increasing specialization?
Overlapping esophageal glands.
What changes in control of behavioral traits required? How is the behavior controlled? What are the signals?
How inherited? Could the memory/instinct/control be destroyed to result in aberrant behavior - e.g. ectoparasitic feeding?

Are there common characteristics?

The problem of host defense mechanisms - necrosis, hypersensitivity, phenolics. DAMPs and PAMPs
Apples - the replant problem
Peaches - amygdalin, prunasin
Management - resistance? - not much available, not specialized enough.
Consider transgenic options with rootstocks: Mycogen corp (San Diego) has Bt gene effective against Pratylenchus.
Chitinase genes (only effective against eggs?)
Snowdrop lectin
Studies with trichosanthin (ribosome inhibiting protein).
Clean planting stock
Site preparation - inoculum removal
Rotation, cropping systems, nematicides
Therapy - hot water/formalin, corm/rhizome surgery

671 Radopholus, FL R. citrophilus

672,673 toppling R. similis

673,935,937,938,936 roots and corm lesions, banana

934 toppling, banana

1025 citrus, Florida, Radopholus 400 lb DD, foreground