Hoplolaimus   

  

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Rev 12/18/2023

lance nematodes Classification Hosts
Morphology and Anatomy Life Cycle

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 Economic Importance Damage
Distribution Management

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 Feeding  References
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Classification:

       Tylenchina
        Tylenchoidea
         Hoplolaimidae
          Hoplolaiminae

           Hoplolaimus von Daday, 1905

Type species of the genus: Hoplolaimus tylenchiformis von Daday, 1905

   Synonyms:
      Nemonchus (Cobb, 1913)
      Hoplolaimoides (Shakil, 1973)
      Basirolaimus (Shamsi, 1979)

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Morphology and Anatomy:

Generally large, 1.0 to 1.5 mm long, body straight.  

Head trapezoid shape.

Lip region offset from body, wide, anteriorly flattened, with clearly marked annules, and with longitudinal striae. 

Photograph by Jon Eisenback, NemaPix.

Lateral field with four lines or less, generally areolated at level of phasmids and anteriorly, sometimes with striae irregularly scattered over entire field, rarely not areolated.

Labial framework and stylet massive.

Stylet knobs anchor or tulip-shaped. 

DEGO 3 to 10 um from stylet base.

Esophageal glands overlap intestine dorsally and laterally; sometimes gland nuclei duplicated to a total of 6 nuclei; intestine symmetrically arranged between the subventral glands. 

Tail short, <2x anal body diameter.

Female:  Two genital branches outstretched, equally developed.  

Tail short, rounded.

Phasmids enlarged to scutella; erratically situated on body, anteriorly to anus level, and sometimes anterior to vulva level, not opposite each other. 

 

 
Anterior region of (A) H. magnistylus, (B) H. galeatus, (C) H. concvaudajuvencus, (D) H. stephanus
Photomicrographs from Holguin et al (2015).

Photograph by Jon Eisenback, NemaPix.
Male: Caudal alae enveloping tail, regular.  

Secondary sexual dimorphism visible in labial region

Esophageal structures smaller in males.

[Ref: Raski and Luc (1987)

H. Ferris.]
Body size range for the species of this genus in the database - Click:
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Distribution:

 
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Economic Importance:

D-rated pest in California Nematode Pest Rating System.

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Feeding:

Nematode feeds at some distance from root tip; may have head in root or may invade root completely; therefore, the term 'ectoparasite' is a misnomer - nematode often feeds endoparasitically.  

Feeding may cause spongy brown cortical areas or cortex to slough off.

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Hosts:
For an extensive host range list for this genus, click
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Life Cycle:

For Ecophysiological Parameters for this genus, click 
 
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Damage:

 

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Management:

 
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References:

Holguin, C.M., J.A. Baeza. J.D. Mueller and P. Agudelo. 2015.  High genetic diversity and geographic subdivision of three lance nematode species (Hoplolaimus spp.) in the United States. Ecology and Evolution (2015) 2929-2944.

Raski, D.J. and Luc, M. 1987. A reappraisal of Tylenchina (Nematoda) 10. The superfamily Criconematoidea Taylor, 1936. Revue de Nematologie 10:409-444.

Sher, S.A. 1963. Revision of the Hoplolaimidae II. Hoplolaimus Daday, 1905. and Aorolaimus n. gen. Nematologica 9:267-295.

H. Ferris

 

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Copyright © 1999 by Howard Ferris.
Revised: December 18, 2023.